E-Bibliothek Gesundheitskompetenz des DNGK
Fachliteratur Misinformation und Gesundheitskompetenz
Hier finden Sie die in der Datenbank des DNGK eingestellten Fachartikel zum oben angegebenen Thema.
6298796
8P3IXR2K
items
1
0
author
asc
title
4336
https://gesundheitskompetenz.online/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-c2329d505784c8c2c04c1808a05ff03a%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A50%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22UIK32YU6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Atehortua%20and%20Patino%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-01-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAtehortua%2C%20Nelson%20A%2C%20and%20Stella%20Patino.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fheapro%5C%2Fdaaa140%27%3ECOVID-19%2C%20a%20tale%20of%20two%20pandemics%3A%20novel%20coronavirus%20and%20fake%20news%20messaging%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EHealth%20Promotion%20International%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20no.%20daaa140%20%28January%2015%2C%202020%29.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22COVID-19%2C%20a%20tale%20of%20two%20pandemics%3A%20novel%20coronavirus%20and%20fake%20news%20messaging%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nelson%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atehortua%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stella%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patino%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20emergence%20of%20COVID-19%2C%20caused%20by%20novel%20Coronavirus%20SARS-CoV-2%2C%20became%20a%20pandemic%20in%20just%2010%20weeks.%20Without%20effective%20medications%20or%20vaccines%20available%2C%20authorities%20turned%20toward%20mitigation%20measures%20such%20as%20use%20of%20face%20masks%2C%20school%5Cu2019s%20closings%2C%20shelter-in-place%2C%20telework%20and%20social%20distancing.%20People%20found%20refuge%20on%20the%20internet%20and%20social%20media%20apps%3B%20however%2C%20there%20was%20a%20proliferation%20of%20instant%20messaging%20containing%20hoaxed%2C%20deliberate%20misleading%20information%3A%20fake%20news%20messaging%20%28FNM%29.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20assess%20FNM%20through%20content%20analysis%20and%20to%20discriminate%20them%20in%20a%20proposed%20taxonomy%20structure.%20A%20sample%20of%20convenience%20of%20messages%2C%20memes%2C%20tweets%20or%20cartoons%20in%20several%20languages%20was%20selected%20from%20the%20most%20popular%20social%20media%20outlets%2C%20i.e.%20Facebook%2C%20WhatsApp%2C%20Twitter%20etc.%20More%20than%20300%20FNM%20were%20identified.%20Descriptive%20statistics%20were%20used%20for%20highlighting%20potential%20relationships%20between%20variables.%20Content%20analysis%20determined%20that%20FNM%20could%20be%20divided%20into%20Health-%20and%20non-health-related%20types.%20There%20are%20several%20sub-types%20considering%2C%20but%20not%20limited%20to%2C%20religious%20beliefs%2C%20politics%2C%20economy%2C%20nutrition%2C%20behaviors%2C%20prevention%20of%20the%20infection%2C%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20disease%20and%20conspiracy%20theories.%20The%20parallel%20FNM%20pandemic%20affected%20the%20response%20from%20an%20already%20debilitated%20public%20health%20system%20through%20the%20confusion%20created%20in%20the%20community%20and%20the%20erosion%20in%20the%20credibility%20of%20genuine%20media.%20Public%20health%20practitioners%20had%20to%20face%20people%5Cu2019s%20unpredictable%20behaviors%2C%20panic%2C%20tensions%20with%20the%20communities%20and%2C%20in%20some%20cases%2C%20a%20hostile%20climate%20toward%20frontline%20workers.%20Public%20health%20practitioners%20must%20adjust%20ongoing%20and%20future%20health%20promotion%20and%20education%20interventions%20including%20plans%20to%20neutralize%20fake%20news%20messages.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22January%2015%2C%202020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fheapro%5C%2Fdaaa140%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220957-4824%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fheapro%5C%2Fdaaa140%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22WLMB9RCY%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%2236PWI8RF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-31T17%3A42%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22C78Z9ZPW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bastani%20and%20Bahrami%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBastani%2C%20Peivand%2C%20and%20Mohammad%20Amin%20Bahrami.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpreprints.jmir.org%5C%2Fpreprint%5C%2F18932%5C%2Faccepted%27%3ECOVID-19%20Related%20Misinformation%20on%20Social%20Media%3A%20A%20Qualitative%20Study%20from%20Iran%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EJMIR%20Preprints%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%202020.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2196%5C%2F18932.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22COVID-19%20Related%20Misinformation%20on%20Social%20Media%3A%20A%20Qualitative%20Study%20from%20Iran%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peivand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bastani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mohammad%20Amin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bahrami%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Journal%20of%20Medical%20Internet%20Research%20-%20International%20Scientific%20Journal%20for%20Medical%20Research%2C%20Information%20and%20Communication%20on%20the%20Internet%2C%20%23Preprint%20%23PeerReviewMe%3A%20Warning%3A%20This%20is%20a%20unreviewed%20preprint.%20Readers%20are%20warned%20that%20the%20document%20has%20not%20been%20peer-reviewed%20by%20expert%5C%2Fpatient%20reviewers%20or%20an%20academic%20editor%2C%20may%20contain%20misleading%20claims%2C%20and%20is%20likely%20to%20undergo%20changes%20before%20final%20publication%2C%20if%20accepted%2C%20or%20may%20have%20been%20rejected%5C%2Fwithdrawn.%20Readers%20with%20interest%20and%20expertise%20are%20encouraged%20to%20sign%20up%20as%20peer-reviewer%2C%20if%20the%20paper%20is%20within%20an%20open%20peer-review%20period.%20Please%20cite%20this%20preprint%20only%20for%20review%20purposes%20or%20for%20grant%20applications%20and%20CVs%20%28if%20you%20are%20the%20author%29.%20Background%3A%20During%20outbreaks%20of%20diseases%20a%20great%20amount%20of%20health%20threatening%20misinformation%20is%20produced%20and%20released.%20In%20the%20web-2%20era%20much%20of%20this%20misinformation%20is%20disseminated%20via%20social%20media%20where%20information%20could%20spread%20easily%20and%20quickly.%20Monitoring%20social%20media%20content%20provides%20crucial%20insights%20for%20health%20managers%20to%20manage%20the%20crisis.%20Objective%3A%20Given%20the%20misinformation%20surrounding%20COVID-19%20outbreak%2C%20this%20study%20was%20aimed%20to%20analyze%20contents%20of%20the%20most%20commonly%20used%20social%20networks%20in%20Iran%20that%20is%20among%20the%20affected%20countries.%20Methods%3A%20A%20social%20media%20monitoring%20conducted%20through%20a%20qualitative%20design%20to%20analyze%20the%20discussions%20of%20social%20media%20users%20about%20the%20content%20related%20to%20COVID-19%20transferred%20via%20Iranian%20medical%20faculty%20members%60%20groups%20in%20Telegram%20and%20Whats%20App%20during%20Feb%2020%20to%20March%2020%2C%202020%20emphasizing%20the%20misinformation.%20Discourse%20analysis%20was%20applied%20and%20the%20written%20dialogues%20and%20discussions%20regarding%20misinformation%20about%20different%20aspects%20of%20the%20outbreak%20between%20medical%20faculty%20members%20all%20over%20the%20country%20were%20analyzed.%20Results%3A%20Cultural%20factors%2C%20demand%20pressure%20for%20information%20during%20the%20crisis%2C%20the%20easiness%20of%20information%20dissemination%20via%20social%20networks%2C%20marketing%20incentives%20and%20the%20poor%20legal%20supervision%20of%20online%20contents%20are%20the%20main%20reasons%20of%20misinformation%20dissemination.%20Disease%20statistics%3B%20treatments%2C%20vaccines%20and%20medicines%3B%20prevention%20and%20protection%20methods%3B%20dietary%20recommendations%20and%20disease%20transmission%20ways%20are%20the%20main%20subjective%20categories%20of%20releasing%20misinformation%20regarding%20novel%20coronavirus%20outbreak.%20Consequences%20of%20misinformation%20dissemination%20regarding%20disease%20include%20psychosocial%3B%20economic%3B%20health%20status%3B%20health%20system%20and%20ethical%20ones.%20Active%20and%20effective%20presence%20of%20health%20professionals%20and%20authorities%20on%20social%20media%20during%20the%20crisis%20and%20the%20improvement%20of%20public%20health%20literacy%20in%20the%20long%20term%20are%20the%20most%20recommended%20strategies%20for%20dealing%20with%20issues%20related%20to%20misinformation.%20Conclusions%3A%20This%20study%20contributes%20the%20management%20of%20COVID-19%20outbreak%20trough%20providing%20applicable%20insights%20for%20health%20managers%20to%20manage%20public%20information%20in%20this%20challenging%20time.%20Clinical%20Trial%3A%20Not%20applicable%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2196%5C%2F18932%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpreprints.jmir.org%5C%2Fpreprint%5C%2F18932%5C%2Faccepted%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-03-22T09%3A38%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22II6USGCU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batasin%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBatasin%2C%20Sunshine%20Joyce%20A.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.inquiriesjournal.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F1786%5C%2Fcombating-xenophobia-in-the-covid-19-pandemic-the-importance-of-health-literacy%27%3ECombating%20Xenophobia%20in%20the%20Covid-19%20Pandemic%3A%20The%20Importance%20of%20Health%20Literacy%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EInquiries%20Journal%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2012%2C%20no.%2007%20%282020%29.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Combating%20Xenophobia%20in%20the%20Covid-19%20Pandemic%3A%20The%20Importance%20of%20Health%20Literacy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sunshine%20Joyce%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batasin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20global%20pandemic%20is%20often%20characterized%20by%20an%20abundance%20of%20information%2C%20the%20race%20for%20a%20vaccine%2C%20and%20a%20focus%20on%20preventing%20others%20from%20contracting%20the%20disease.%20However%2C%20the%20socio-cultural%20ramifications%20of%20such%20an%20event%20are%20oftentimes%20overlooked.%20Groups...%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.inquiriesjournal.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F1786%5C%2Fcombating-xenophobia-in-the-covid-19-pandemic-the-importance-of-health-literacy%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-03-22T09%3A39%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EC5CS85P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Betsch%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBetsch%2C%20C.%20%26%23x201C%3BDie%20Rolle%20des%20Internets%20bei%20der%20Elimination%20von%20Infektionskrankheiten.%20Zum%20Management%20von%20Wahrnehmungen%20und%20Fehlwahrnehmungen.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EBundesgesundheitsblatt%2C%20Gesundheitsforschung%2C%20Gesundheitsschutz%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2056%2C%20no.%209%20%28September%202013%29%3A%201279%26%23x2013%3B86.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00103-013-1793-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00103-013-1793-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Die%20Rolle%20des%20Internets%20bei%20der%20Elimination%20von%20Infektionskrankheiten.%20Zum%20Management%20von%20Wahrnehmungen%20und%20Fehlwahrnehmungen%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Betsch%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20The%20World%20Health%20Organization%20%28WHO%29%20has%20declared%20the%20elimination%20of%20measles%20as%20a%20global%20goal.%20According%20to%20the%20WHO%2C%20one%20critical%20challenge%20for%20countries%20such%20as%20Germany%20is%20managing%20perceptions%20and%20misperceptions%20about%20vaccination.%20Criticism%20and%20misinformation%20about%20vaccines%20are%20widespread%2C%20e.g.%2C%20on%20the%20Internet%2C%20and%20they%20support%20the%20development%20of%20misperceptions%2C%20vaccine%20hesitancy%2C%20and%20fear.%20By%20contrast%2C%20owing%20to%20vaccination%20the%20actual%20incidence%20of%20measles%20is%20low%20and%20hardly%20anyone%20is%20familiar%20with%20measles%20as%20a%20severely%20infectious%20disease.%20This%20may%20lead%20to%20the%20incorrect%20perception%20of%20measles%20as%20a%20harmless%20children%27s%20disease.%20Education%20on%20the%20risks%20of%20infection%20and%20of%20vaccination%20should%20therefore%20be%20combined%20with%20effective%20debunking%20of%20misperceptions%2C%20both%20of%20which%20should%20govern%20the%20management%20of%20perceptions%20and%20misperceptions.%5CnAIM%3A%20The%20objective%20of%20this%20contribution%20is%20to%20propose%20and%20discuss%20several%20approaches%20with%20respect%20to%20the%20Janus-like%20role%20of%20the%20Internet%3A%20On%20the%20one%20hand%2C%20it%20serves%20as%20a%20source%20of%20anti-vaccination%20misinformation%20and%20is%20therefore%20responsible%20for%20the%20development%20of%20misperceptions.%20On%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20it%20can%20serve%20as%20the%20ideal%20platform%20for%20health%20agencies%20to%20educate%20the%20public%20and%20to%20debunk%20misinformation.%5CnCONCLUSION%3A%20This%20contribution%20suggests%20how%20an%20effective%20management%20of%20perceptions%20and%20misperceptions%20can%20take%20place%20on%20different%20levels%20of%20communication%20and%20how%20the%20Internet%20may%20be%20actively%20used%20to%20reach%20this%20goal.%20A%20collection%20of%20Internet%20links%20for%20patients%20and%20health-care%20personnel%20are%20recommended.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%202013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22ger%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00103-013-1793-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221437-1588%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22S488ZYK4%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-26T10%3A33%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZFNMTETY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Boberg%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-04-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBoberg%2C%20Svenja%2C%20Thorsten%20Quandt%2C%20Tim%20Schatto-Eckrodt%2C%20and%20Lena%20Frischlich.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2004.02566%27%3EPandemic%20Populism%3A%20Facebook%20Pages%20of%20Alternative%20News%20Media%20and%20the%20Corona%20Crisis%20--%20A%20Computational%20Content%20Analysis%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EArXiv%3A2004.02566%20%5BCs%5D%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20April%209%2C%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Pandemic%20Populism%3A%20Facebook%20Pages%20of%20Alternative%20News%20Media%20and%20the%20Corona%20Crisis%20--%20A%20Computational%20Content%20Analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Svenja%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thorsten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Quandt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schatto-Eckrodt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frischlich%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20has%20not%20only%20had%20severe%20political%2C%20economic%2C%20and%20societal%20effects%2C%20it%20has%20also%20affected%20media%20and%20communication%20systems%20in%20unprecedented%20ways.%20While%20traditional%20journalistic%20media%20has%20tried%20to%20adapt%20to%20the%20rapidly%20evolving%20situation%2C%20alternative%20news%20media%20on%20the%20Internet%20have%20given%20the%20events%20their%20own%20ideological%20spin.%20Such%20voices%20have%20been%20criticized%20for%20furthering%20societal%20confusion%20and%20spreading%20potentially%20dangerous%20%5C%22fake%20news%5C%22%20or%20conspiracy%20theories%20via%20social%20media%20and%20other%20online%20channels.%20The%20current%20study%20analyzes%20the%20factual%20basis%20of%20such%20fears%20in%20an%20initial%20computational%20content%20analysis%20of%20alternative%20news%20media%27s%20output%20on%20Facebook%20during%20the%20early%20Corona%20crisis%2C%20based%20on%20a%20large%20German%20data%20set%20from%20January%20to%20the%20second%20half%20of%20March%202020.%20Using%20computational%20content%20analysis%2C%20methods%2C%20reach%2C%20interactions%2C%20actors%2C%20and%20topics%20of%20the%20messages%20were%20examined%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20use%20of%20fabricated%20news%20and%20conspiracy%20theories.%20The%20analysis%20revealed%20that%20the%20alternative%20news%20media%20stay%20true%20to%20message%20patterns%20and%20ideological%20foundations%20identified%20in%20prior%20research.%20While%20they%20do%20not%20spread%20obvious%20lies%2C%20they%20are%20predominantly%20sharing%20overly%20critical%2C%20even%20anti-systemic%20messages%2C%20opposing%20the%20view%20of%20the%20mainstream%20news%20media%20and%20the%20political%20establishment.%20With%20this%20pandemic%20populism%2C%20they%20contribute%20to%20a%20contradictory%2C%20menacing%2C%20and%20distrusting%20worldview%2C%20as%20portrayed%20in%20detail%20in%20this%20analysis.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-04-09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2004.02566%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-31T17%3A50%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226H923TYJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bode%20and%20Vraga%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-09-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBode%2C%20Leticia%2C%20and%20Emily%20K.%20Vraga.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10410236.2017.1331312%27%3ESee%20Something%2C%20Say%20Something%3A%20Correction%20of%20Global%20Health%20Misinformation%20on%20Social%20Media%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EHealth%20Communication%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2033%2C%20no.%209%20%28September%202%2C%202018%29%3A%201131%5Cu201340.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10410236.2017.1331312.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22See%20Something%2C%20Say%20Something%3A%20Correction%20of%20Global%20Health%20Misinformation%20on%20Social%20Media%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Leticia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bode%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vraga%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Social%20media%20are%20often%20criticized%20for%20being%20a%20conduit%20for%20misinformation%20on%20global%20health%20issues%2C%20but%20may%20also%20serve%20as%20a%20corrective%20to%20false%20information.%20To%20investigate%20this%20possibility%2C%20an%20experiment%20was%20conducted%20exposing%20users%20to%20a%20simulated%20Facebook%20News%20Feed%20featuring%20misinformation%20and%20different%20correction%20mechanisms%20%28one%20in%20which%20news%20stories%20featuring%20correct%20information%20were%20produced%20by%20an%20algorithm%20and%20another%20where%20the%20corrective%20news%20stories%20were%20posted%20by%20other%20Facebook%20users%29%20about%20the%20Zika%20virus%2C%20a%20current%20global%20health%20threat.%20Results%20show%20that%20algorithmic%20and%20social%20corrections%20are%20equally%20effective%20in%20limiting%20misperceptions%2C%20and%20correction%20occurs%20for%20both%20high%20and%20low%20conspiracy%20belief%20individuals.%20Recommendations%20for%20social%20media%20campaigns%20to%20correct%20global%20health%20misinformation%2C%20including%20encouraging%20users%20to%20refute%20false%20or%20misleading%20health%20information%2C%20and%20providing%20them%20appropriate%20sources%20to%20accompany%20their%20refutation%2C%20are%20discussed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22September%202%2C%202018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10410236.2017.1331312%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221041-0236%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10410236.2017.1331312%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-31T17%3A51%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KH7Q3I5P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Brand%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBrand%2C%20Fabian%2C%20Leonie%20Dendler%2C%20Suzan%20Fiack%2C%20Annett%20Schulze%2C%20and%20Gaby-Fleur%20B%26%23xF6%3Bl.%20%26%23x201C%3BRisikokommunikation%20politikberatender%20Wissenschaftsorganisationen%3A%20Ein%20Themenaufriss%20am%20Beispiel%20des%20Bundesinstituts%20f%26%23xFC%3Br%20Risikobewertung.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EBundesgesundheitsblatt%2C%20Gesundheitsforschung%2C%20Gesundheitsschutz%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2065%2C%20no.%205%20%28May%202022%29%3A%20599%26%23x2013%3B607.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00103-022-03520-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00103-022-03520-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Risikokommunikation%20politikberatender%20Wissenschaftsorganisationen%3A%20Ein%20Themenaufriss%20am%20Beispiel%20des%20Bundesinstituts%20f%5Cu00fcr%20Risikobewertung%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fabian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Leonie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dendler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Suzan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fiack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annett%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schulze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gaby-Fleur%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22B%5Cu00f6l%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Regulatory%20scientific%20agencies%2C%20such%20as%20the%20German%20Federal%20Institute%20for%20Risk%20Assessment%20%28BfR%29%2C%20are%20confronted%20with%20various%20challenges%20in%20their%20science-based%20risk%20communication.%20On%20the%20one%20hand%2C%20the%20communication%20of%20health%20risks%20is%20becoming%20increasingly%20complex%20and%2C%20accordingly%2C%20more%20demanding%2C%20which%20is%20why%20-%20among%20other%20things%20-%20questions%20about%20the%20health%20literacy%20of%20consumers%20and%20target%20group-oriented%20risk%20communication%20are%20gaining%20importance.%20On%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20the%20outputs%20of%20regulatory%20scientific%20agencies%20are%20increasingly%20exposed%20to%20politicisation%20and%20public%20criticism%2C%20which%20increases%20the%20relevance%20of%20questions%20about%20the%20objectivity%20and%20trustworthiness%20of%20expert%20opinion%2C%20risk%20assessment%2C%20and%20official%20statements%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20legitimacy%20and%20reputation%20of%20such%20organisations.%20This%20is%20further%20intensified%20by%20the%20emergence%20of%20new%20social%20media%20actors%20who%20produce%20and%20publish%20their%20own%20information%20and%20communication%20materials.%20The%20misinformation%2C%20disinformation%20and%20malinformation%20consequently%20distributed%20in%20this%20context%20represent%20another%20challenge%2C%20which%20is%20closely%20related%20to%20questions%20of%20adequate%20communication%20of%20health%20risks%20and%20of%20stabilising%20legitimacy%2C%20reputation%20and%20trustworthiness.The%20article%20discusses%20various%20approaches%20to%20solving%20these%20problems%2C%20including%20the%20optimization%20and%20visual%20enhancement%20of%20health%20information%2C%20enabling%20social%20participation%20as%20well%20as%20embedding%20these%20measures%20in%20strategic%20stakeholder%20and%20reputation%20management.%20The%20article%20concludes%20with%20a%5Cu00a0call%20for%20a%5Cu00a0more%20open%20discussion%20of%20inherent%20dilemmas.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22ger%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00103-022-03520-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221437-1588%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-31T15%3A53%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TTVEDBT3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Brennen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-07-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBrennen%2C%20Scott%2C%20Felix%20Simon%2C%20Philip%20N.%20Howard%2C%20and%20Rasmus%20Kleis%20Nielsen.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Freutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk%5C%2Ftypes-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation%27%3ETypes%2C%20sources%2C%20and%20claims%20of%20COVID-19%20misinformation%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20Oxford%3A%20Reuters%20Institute%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Journalism%2C%20July%204%2C%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Types%2C%20sources%2C%20and%20claims%20of%20COVID-19%20misinformation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brennen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Felix%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Howard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kleis%20Nielsen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Key%20findings%20%5Cu2191%5Cn%5CnIn%20this%20factsheet%20we%20identify%20some%20of%20the%20main%20types%2C%20sources%2C%20and%20claims%20of%20COVID-19%20misinformation%20seen%20so%20far.%20We%20analyse%20a%20sample%20of%20225%20pieces%20of%20misinformation%20rated%20false%20or%20misleading%20by%20fact-checkers%20and%20published%20in%20English%20between%20January%20and%20the%20end%20of%20March%202020%2C%20drawn%20from%20a%20collection%20of%20fact-checks%20maintained%20by%20First%20Draft.%5Cn%5CnWe%20find%20that%3A%5Cn%5Cn%20%20%20%20In%20terms%20of%20scale%2C%20independent%20fact-checkers%20have%20moved%20quickly%20to%20respond%20to%20the%20growing%20amount%20of%20misinformation%20around%20COVID-19%3B%20the%20number%20of%20English-language%20fact-checks%20rose%20more%20than%20900%25%20from%20January%20to%20March.%20%28As%20fact-checkers%20have%20limited%20resources%20and%20cannot%20check%20all%20problematic%20content%2C%20the%20total%20volume%20of%20different%20kinds%20of%20coronavirus%20misinformation%20has%20almost%20certainly%20grown%20even%20faster.%29%5Cn%20%20%20%20In%20terms%20of%20formats%2C%20most%20%2859%25%29%20of%20the%20misinformation%20in%20our%20sample%20involves%20various%20forms%20of%20reconfiguration%2C%20where%20existing%20and%20often%20true%20information%20is%20spun%2C%20twisted%2C%20recontextualised%2C%20or%20reworked.%20Less%20misinformation%20%2838%25%29%20was%20completely%20fabricated.%20Despite%20a%20great%20deal%20of%20recent%20concern%2C%20we%20find%20no%20examples%20of%20deep%20fakes%20in%20our%20sample.%20Instead%2C%20the%20manipulated%20content%20includes%20%5Cu2018cheap%20fakes%5Cu2019%20produced%20using%20much%20simpler%20tools.%20The%20reconfigured%20misinformation%20accounts%20for%2087%25%20of%20social%20media%20interactions%20in%20the%20sample%3B%20the%20fabricated%20content%2C%20for%2012%25.%5Cn%20%20%20%20In%20terms%20of%20sources%2C%20top-down%20misinformation%20from%20politicians%2C%20celebrities%2C%20and%20other%20prominent%20public%20figures%20made%20up%20just%2020%25%20of%20the%20claims%20in%20our%20sample%20but%20accounted%20for%2069%25%20of%20total%20social%20media%20engagement.%20While%20the%20majority%20of%20misinformation%20on%20social%20media%20came%20from%20ordinary%20people%2C%20most%20of%20these%20posts%20seemed%20to%20generate%20far%20less%20engagement.%20However%2C%20a%20few%20instances%20of%20bottom-up%20misinformation%20garnered%20a%20large%20reach%20and%20our%20analysis%20is%20unable%20to%20capture%20spread%20in%20private%20groups%20and%20via%20messaging%20applications%2C%20likely%20platforms%20for%20significant%20amounts%20of%20bottom-up%20misinformation.%5Cn%20%20%20%20In%20terms%20of%20claims%2C%20misleading%20or%20false%20claims%20about%20the%20actions%20or%20policies%20of%20public%20authorities%2C%20including%20government%20and%20international%20bodies%20like%20the%20WHO%20or%20the%20UN%2C%20are%20the%20single%20largest%20category%20of%20claims%20identified%2C%20appearing%20in%2039%25%20of%20our%20sample.%5Cn%20%20%20%20In%20terms%20of%20responses%2C%20social%20media%20platforms%20have%20responded%20to%20a%20majority%20of%20the%20social%20media%20posts%20rated%20false%20by%20fact-checkers%20by%20removing%20them%20or%20attaching%20various%20warnings.%20There%20is%20significant%20variation%20from%20company%20to%20company%2C%20however.%20On%20Twitter%2C%2059%25%20of%20posts%20rated%20as%20false%20in%20our%20sample%20by%20fact-checkers%20remain%20up.%20On%20YouTube%2C%2027%25%20remain%20up%2C%20and%20on%20Facebook%2C%2024%25%20of%20false-rated%20content%20in%20our%20sample%20remains%20up%20without%20warning%20labels.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Reuters%20Institute%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Journalism%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2207.04.2020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Freutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk%5C%2Ftypes-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22S488ZYK4%22%2C%226AFHATSB%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-03-22T09%3A45%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L2Q9QUQK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cuan-Baltazar%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECuan-Baltazar%2C%20Jose%20Yunam%2C%20Maria%20Jos%26%23xE9%3B%20Mu%26%23xF1%3Boz-Perez%2C%20Carolina%20Robledo-Vega%2C%20Maria%20Fernanda%20P%26%23xE9%3Brez-Zepeda%2C%20and%20Elena%20Soto-Vega.%20%26%23x201C%3BMisinformation%20of%20COVID-19%20on%20the%20Internet%3A%20Infodemiology%20Study.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJMIR%20Public%20Health%20and%20Surveillance%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%206%2C%20no.%202%20%2809%202020%29%3A%20e18444.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2196%5C%2F18444%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2196%5C%2F18444%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Misinformation%20of%20COVID-19%20on%20the%20Internet%3A%20Infodemiology%20Study%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jose%20Yunam%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cuan-Baltazar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maria%20Jos%5Cu00e9%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mu%5Cu00f1oz-Perez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robledo-Vega%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maria%20Fernanda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P%5Cu00e9rez-Zepeda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soto-Vega%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20The%20internet%20has%20become%20an%20important%20source%20of%20health%20information%20for%20users%20worldwide.%20The%20novel%20coronavirus%20caused%20a%20pandemic%20search%20for%20information%20with%20broad%20dissemination%20of%20false%20or%20misleading%20health%20information.%5CnOBJECTIVE%3A%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20evaluate%20the%20quality%20and%20readability%20of%20online%20information%20about%20the%20coronavirus%20disease%20%28COVID-19%29%2C%20which%20was%20a%20trending%20topic%20on%20the%20internet%2C%20using%20validated%20instruments%20and%20relating%20the%20quality%20of%20information%20to%20its%20readability.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20The%20search%20was%20based%20on%20the%20term%20%5C%22Wuhan%20Coronavirus%5C%22%20on%20the%20Google%20website%20%28February%206%2C%202020%29.%20At%20the%20search%20time%2C%20the%20terms%20%5C%22COVID-19%5C%22%20or%20%5C%22SARS-CoV-2%5C%22%20%28severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%202%29%20did%20not%20exist.%20Critical%20analysis%20was%20performed%20on%20the%20first%20110%20hits%20using%20the%20Health%20on%20the%20Net%20Foundation%20Code%20of%20Conduct%20%28HONcode%29%2C%20the%20Journal%20of%20the%20American%20Medical%20Association%20%28JAMA%29%20benchmark%2C%20the%20DISCERN%20instrument%2C%20and%20Google%20ranking.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20The%20first%20110%20websites%20were%20critically%20analyzed%2C%20and%20only%201.8%25%20%28n%3D2%29%20of%20the%20websites%20had%20the%20HONcode%20seal.%20The%20JAMA%20benchmark%20showed%20that%2039.1%25%20%28n%3D43%29%20of%20the%20websites%20did%20not%20have%20any%20of%20the%20categories%20required%20by%20this%20tool%2C%20and%20only%2010.0%25%20%2811%5C%2F110%29%20of%20the%20websites%20had%20the%20four%20quality%20criteria%20required%20by%20JAMA.%20The%20DISCERN%20score%20showed%20that%2070.0%25%20%28n%3D77%29%20of%20the%20websites%20were%20evaluated%20as%20having%20a%20low%20score%20and%20none%20were%20rated%20as%20having%20a%20high%20score.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20Nonhealth%20personnel%20and%20the%20scientific%20community%20need%20to%20be%20aware%20about%20the%20quality%20of%20the%20information%20they%20read%20and%20produce%2C%20respectively.%20The%20Wuhan%20coronavirus%20health%20crisis%20misinformation%20was%20produced%20by%20the%20media%2C%20and%20the%20misinformation%20was%20obtained%20by%20users%20from%20the%20internet.%20The%20use%20of%20the%20internet%20has%20a%20risk%20to%20public%20health%2C%20and%2C%20in%20cases%20like%20this%2C%20the%20governments%20should%20be%20developing%20strategies%20to%20regulate%20health%20information%20on%20the%20internet%20without%20censuring%20the%20population.%20By%20February%206%2C%202020%2C%20no%20quality%20information%20was%20available%20on%20the%20internet%20about%20COVID-19.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2204%2009%2C%202020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2196%5C%2F18444%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222369-2960%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T07%3A02%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2227MUBCAT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22De%20Gani%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-01-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDe%20Gani%2C%20Saskia%20Maria%2C%20Fabian%20Marc%20Pascal%20Berger%2C%20Elena%20Guggiari%2C%20and%20Rebecca%20Jaks.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC8735736%5C%2F%27%3ERelation%20of%20corona-specific%20health%20literacy%20to%20use%20of%20and%20trust%20in%20information%20sources%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EBMC%20Public%20Health%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2022%20%28January%206%2C%202022%29%3A%2042.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12889-021-12271-w.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Relation%20of%20corona-specific%20health%20literacy%20to%20use%20of%20and%20trust%20in%20information%20sources%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saskia%20Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22De%20Gani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fabian%20Marc%20Pascal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guggiari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rebecca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jaks%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnCOVID-19%20has%20developed%20into%20a%20worldwide%20pandemic%20which%20was%20accompanied%20by%20an%20%5Cu00abinfodemic%5Cu00bb%20consisting%20of%20much%20false%20and%20misleading%20information.%20To%20cope%20with%20these%20new%20challenges%2C%20health%20literacy%20plays%20an%20essential%20role.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20paper%20is%20to%20present%20the%20findings%20of%20a%20trend%20study%20in%20Switzerland%20on%20corona-specific%20health%20literacy%2C%20the%20use%20of%20and%20trust%20in%20information%20sources%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%2C%20and%20their%20relationships.%5Cn%5CnMethods%5CnThree%20online%20surveys%20each%20with%20approximately%201%5Cu2032020%20individuals%20living%20in%20the%20German-speaking%20part%20of%20Switzerland%20%28age%5Cu2009%5Cu2265%5Cu200918%5Cu2009years%29%20were%20conducted%20at%20different%20timepoints%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%2C%20namely%20spring%2C%20fall%20and%20winter%202020.%20For%20the%20assessment%20of%20corona-specific%20health%20literacy%2C%20a%20specifically%20developed%20instrument%20%28HLS-COVID-Q22%29%20was%20used.%20Descriptive%2C%20bivariate%2C%20and%20multivariate%20data%20analyses%20have%20been%20conducted.%5Cn%5CnResults%5CnIn%20general%2C%20a%20majority%20of%20the%20Swiss-German%20population%20reported%20sufficient%20corona-specific%20health%20literacy%20levels%20which%20increased%20during%20the%20pandemic%3A%2054.6%25%20participants%20in%20spring%2C%2062.4%25%20in%20fall%20and%2063.3%25%20in%20winter%202020%20had%20sufficient%20corona-specific%20health%20literacy.%20Greatest%20difficulties%20concerned%20the%20appraisal%20of%20health%20information%20on%20the%20coronavirus.%20The%20most%20used%20information%20sources%20were%20television%20%28used%20by%2073.3%25%20in%20spring%2C%2070%25%20in%20fall%20and%2072.3%25%20in%20winter%29%20and%20the%20internet%20%28used%20by%2064.1%2C%2064.8%20and%2066.5%25%29.%20Although%20health%20professionals%2C%20health%20authorities%20and%20the%20info-hotline%20were%20rarely%20mentioned%20as%20sources%20for%20information%20on%20the%20coronavirus%2C%20respondents%20had%20greatest%20trust%20in%20them.%20On%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20social%20media%20were%20considered%20as%20the%20least%20trustworthy%20information%20sources.%20Respondents%20generally%20reporting%20more%20trust%20in%20the%20various%20information%20sources%2C%20tended%20to%20have%20higher%20corona-specific%20health%20literacy%20levels.%5Cn%5CnConclusions%5CnSufficient%20health%20literacy%20is%20an%20essential%20prerequisite%20for%20finding%2C%20understanding%2C%20appraising%2C%20and%20applying%20health%20recommendations%2C%20particularly%20in%20a%20situation%20where%20there%20is%20a%20rapid%20spread%20of%20a%20huge%20amount%20of%20information.%20The%20population%20should%20be%20supported%20in%20their%20capability%20in%20appraising%20the%20received%20information%20and%20in%20assessing%20the%20trustworthiness%20of%20different%20information%20sources.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-1-6%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12889-021-12271-w%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221471-2458%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC8735736%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22LEBWG8KX%22%2C%22IXVP6VJP%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-13T09%3A03%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225PJL6TGN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Donovan%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-04-14%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDonovan%2C%20Joan.%20%26%23x201C%3BSocial-Media%20Companies%20Must%20Flatten%20the%20Curve%20of%20Misinformation.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20April%2014%2C%202020.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fd41586-020-01107-z%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fd41586-020-01107-z%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Social-media%20companies%20must%20flatten%20the%20curve%20of%20misinformation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Donovan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%2014%2C%202020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fd41586-020-01107-z%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221476-4687%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T07%3A03%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TT2Y4DBE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Europ%5Cu00e4ischer%20Ausw%5Cu00e4rtiger%20Dienst%20%28EAD%29%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-04-29%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EEurop%5Cu00e4ischer%20Ausw%5Cu00e4rtiger%20Dienst%20%28EAD%29.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Feuvsdisinfo.eu%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fead-sonderbericht-update-kurzbewertung-der-narrative-und-desinformation-zur-covid-19-pandemie-aktualisierung-2-22-april%5C%2F%27%3EEAD%20Sonderbericht.%20Update%3A%20Kurzbewertung%20der%20Narrative%20und%20disinformation%20der%20COVID-19-Pandemie%20%28Aktualisierung%202.-22.%20April%202020%29%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20April%2029%2C%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22EAD%20Sonderbericht.%20Update%3A%20Kurzbewertung%20der%20Narrative%20und%20disinformation%20der%20COVID-19-Pandemie%20%28Aktualisierung%202.-22.%20April%202020%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Europ%5Cu00e4ischer%20Ausw%5Cu00e4rtiger%20Dienst%20%28EAD%29%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Wie%20in%20den%20fr%5Cu00fcheren%20Berichten%20dargelegt%2C%20greifen%20Des-%20und%20Misinformationen%20%5Cu00fcber%20COVID-19%20weiterhin%20weltweit%20um%20sich%20und%20gehen%20m%5Cu00f6glicherweise%20mit%20negativen%20Folgen%20f%5Cu00fcr%20die%20%5Cu00f6ffentliche%20Sicherheit%2C%20Gesundheit%20und%20eine%20wirksame%20Krisenkommunikation%20einher.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-04-29T13%3A38%3A32%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de-DE%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Feuvsdisinfo.eu%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fead-sonderbericht-update-kurzbewertung-der-narrative-und-desinformation-zur-covid-19-pandemie-aktualisierung-2-22-april%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22LSGM8V2E%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T14%3A03%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227DIEYPX4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fischer%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFischer%2C%20Sara.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.axios.com%5C%2Fwhat-experts-say-works-for-combating-coronavirus-misinformation-146084b8-1312-403d-b948-3e190f16b7f3.html%27%3EWhat%20experts%20say%20works%20for%20combating%20coronavirus%20misinformation%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20Axios.%20Accessed%20May%2014%2C%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22What%20experts%20say%20works%20for%20combating%20coronavirus%20misinformation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sara%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fischer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Research%20shows%20that%20it%27s%20more%20effective%20to%20present%20accurate%20facts%20early%20and%20routinely%20alongside%20misinformation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.axios.com%5C%2Fwhat-experts-say-works-for-combating-coronavirus-misinformation-146084b8-1312-403d-b948-3e190f16b7f3.html%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T07%3A03%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225QLXDTF7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Freeman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-12-26%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFreeman%2C%20Jaimie%20L.%2C%20Patrina%20H.%20Y.%20Caldwell%2C%20and%20Karen%20M.%20Scott.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS1876285922006374%27%3EHow%20Adolescents%20Trust%20Health%20Information%20on%20Social%20Media%3A%20A%20Systematic%20Review%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EAcademic%20Pediatrics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20December%2026%2C%202022.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.acap.2022.12.011.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20Adolescents%20Trust%20Health%20Information%20on%20Social%20Media%3A%20A%20Systematic%20Review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jaimie%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Freeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrina%20H.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Caldwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karen%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scott%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnGiven%20the%20potential%20for%20social%20media%20to%20spread%20health%20misinformation%2C%20it%20is%20important%20to%20understand%20how%20trusts%20impact%20adolescents%5Cu2019%20engagement%20with%20health%20content%20on%20social%20media.%5CnObjective%5CnTo%20explore%20the%20concept%20of%20trust%20when%20adolescents%20%2813%5Cu201318%20years%29%20engage%20with%20health%20information%20on%20social%20media.%20Five%20relevant%20databases%20%28MEDLINE%2C%20EMBASE%2C%20PsycINFO%2C%20ERIC%2C%20and%20CINAHL%29%20were%20systematically%20searched%20alongside%20Google%20Scholar%20and%20reference%20lists%20of%20included%20papers.%20Studies%20were%20included%20if%20they%20examined%20adolescents%5Cu2019%5Cu00a0trust%20when%20engaging%20with%20health%20information%20on%20social%20media.%5CnStudy%20Appraisal%20and%20Synthesis%20Methods%5CnThematic%20analysis%20was%20used%20to%20synthesize%20the%20findings%20from%20this%20review.%5CnResults%5CnThirty-four%20papers%20were%20included.%20Three%20key%20domains%20were%20explored%3A%20trust%20in%20the%20social%20media%20platform%5C%2Fservice%20%28general%20distrust%20of%20social%20media%20for%20health%20information%3B%20safety%20and%20privacy%29%3B%20trust%20in%20other%20users%20%28mistrust%20of%20unknown%20users%3B%20fear%20of%20bullying%20or%20judgment%3B%20trust%20in%20friends%20or%20peers%3B%20celebrities%20and%20popularity%3B%20trust%20in%20others%5Cu2019%20experience%20and%20the%20importance%20of%20social%20support%29%3B%20trust%20in%20content%20%28tone%20and%20appearance%20of%20health%20information%3B%20expertise%20and%20verification%3B%20advertising%2C%20pushed%2C%20and%20suggested%20content%29.%5CnLimitations%5CnNarrow%20geographic%20representation%20of%20papers%20and%20limited%20quantitative%20studies.%5CnConclusions%20and%20Implications%20of%20Key%20Findings%5CnAdolescents%5Cu2019%20trust%20in%20health%20information%20on%20social%20media%20involves%20a%20complex%20interplay%20between%20trust%20in%3A%20social%20media%20platforms%2C%20other%20users%2C%20and%20health%20content.%20Central%20to%20many%20of%20the%20findings%20is%20the%20social%20and%20identity%20work%20done%20by%20adolescents%20on%20and%20through%20social%20media.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-12-26%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.acap.2022.12.011%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221876-2859%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS1876285922006374%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227FBAMELL%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-05T13%3A20%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224T8C8NBV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gallotti%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGallotti%2C%20Riccardo%2C%20Francesco%20Valle%2C%20Nicola%20Castaldo%2C%20Pierluigi%20Sacco%2C%20and%20Manlio%20De%20Domenico.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41562-020-00994-6%27%3EAssessing%20the%20risks%20of%20%27infodemics%27%20in%20response%20to%20COVID-19%20epidemics%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Human%20Behaviour%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%204%2C%20no.%2012%20%28December%202020%29%3A%201285%5Cu201393.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41562-020-00994-6.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Assessing%20the%20risks%20of%20%27infodemics%27%20in%20response%20to%20COVID-19%20epidemics%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Riccardo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gallotti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francesco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Valle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicola%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Castaldo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pierluigi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sacco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Manlio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22De%20Domenico%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22During%20COVID-19%2C%20governments%20and%20the%20public%20are%20fighting%20not%20only%20a%20pandemic%20but%20also%20a%20co-evolving%20infodemic%5Cu2014the%20rapid%20and%20far-reaching%20spread%20of%20information%20of%20questionable%20quality.%20We%20analysed%20more%20than%20100%20million%20Twitter%20messages%20posted%20worldwide%20during%20the%20early%20stages%20of%20epidemic%20spread%20across%20countries%20%28from%2022%20January%20to%2010%20March%202020%29%20and%20classified%20the%20reliability%20of%20the%20news%20being%20circulated.%20We%20developed%20an%20Infodemic%20Risk%20Index%20to%20capture%20the%20magnitude%20of%20exposure%20to%20unreliable%20news%20across%20countries.%20We%20found%20that%20measurable%20waves%20of%20potentially%20unreliable%20information%20preceded%20the%20rise%20of%20COVID-19%20infections%2C%20exposing%20entire%20countries%20to%20falsehoods%20that%20pose%20a%20serious%20threat%20to%20public%20health.%20As%20infections%20started%20to%20rise%2C%20reliable%20information%20quickly%20became%20more%20dominant%2C%20and%20Twitter%20content%20shifted%20towards%20more%20credible%20informational%20sources.%20Infodemic%20early-warning%20signals%20provide%20important%20cues%20for%20misinformation%20mitigation%20by%20means%20of%20adequate%20communication%20strategies.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41562-020-00994-6%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222397-3374%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41562-020-00994-6%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-27T11%3A03%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GPVRID7T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Glenn%20and%20Glenn%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGlenn%2C%20Adriana%20D.%2C%20and%20William%20J.%20Glenn.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Feric.ed.gov%5C%2F%3Fid%3DEJ1301311%27%3EEducational%20Leaders%27%20Need%20for%20Health%20Literacy%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20School%20Administration%20Research%20and%20Development%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%205%20%280%202020%29%3A%2080%5Cu201385.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Educational%20Leaders%27%20Need%20for%20Health%20Literacy%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adriana%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glenn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glenn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22School%20leaders%20will%20face%20great%20challenges%20balancing%20health%20considerations%20of%20students%20and%20school%20staff%20with%20powerful%20political%20forces%20demanding%20that%20schools%20reopen%20as%20early%20as%20possible.%20In%20order%20to%20navigate%20this%20new%20educational%20landscape%2C%20school%20leaders%20will%20need%20to%20work%20with%20medical%20and%20public%20health%20officials%20to%20acquire%20health%20literacy.%20This%20will%20enable%20them%20to%20understand%20medically%20accurate%20information%20while%20rejecting%20politically%20inspired%20misinformation%20they%20will%20receive%20in%20the%20coming%20year.%20Health%20literacy%20will%20be%20an%20important%20skill%20needed%20by%20educational%20leaders%20to%20make%20the%20best%20possible%20decisions%20during%20this%20unprecedented%20pandemic.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F00%5C%2F00%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222470-8496%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Feric.ed.gov%5C%2F%3Fid%3DEJ1301311%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-31T17%3A24%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GSSTK9YC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Humprecht%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-01-24%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHumprecht%2C%20Edda%2C%20Frank%20Esser%2C%20and%20Peter%20Van%20Aelst.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F1940161219900126%27%3EResilience%20to%20Online%20Disinformation%3A%20A%20Framework%20for%20Cross-National%20Comparative%20Research%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EThe%20International%20Journal%20of%20Press%5C%2FPolitics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20January%2024%2C%202020%2C%201940161219900126.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Resilience%20to%20Online%20Disinformation%3A%20A%20Framework%20for%20Cross-National%20Comparative%20Research%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Edda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Humprecht%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Esser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Aelst%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Online%20disinformation%20is%20considered%20a%20major%20challenge%20for%20modern%20democracies.%20It%20is%20widely%20understood%20as%20misleading%20content%20produced%20to%20generate%20profits%2C%20pursue%20political%20goals%2C%20or%20maliciously%20deceive.%20Our%20starting%20point%20is%20the%20assumption%20that%20some%20countries%20are%20more%20resilient%20to%20online%20disinformation%20than%20others.%20To%20understand%20what%20conditions%20influence%20this%20resilience%2C%20we%20choose%20a%20comparative%20cross-national%20approach.%20In%20the%20first%20step%2C%20we%20develop%20a%20theoretical%20framework%20that%20presents%20these%20country%20conditions%20as%20theoretical%20dimensions.%20In%20the%20second%20step%2C%20we%20translate%20the%20dimensions%20into%20quantifiable%20indicators%20that%20allow%20us%20to%20measure%20their%20significance%20on%20a%20comparative%20cross-country%20basis.%20In%20the%20third%20part%20of%20the%20study%2C%20we%20empirically%20examine%20eighteen%20Western%20democracies.%20A%20cluster%20analysis%20yields%20three%20country%20groups%3A%20one%20group%20with%20high%20resilience%20to%20online%20disinformation%20%28including%20the%20Northern%20European%20systems%2C%20for%20instance%29%20and%20two%20country%20groups%20with%20low%20resilience%20%28including%20the%20polarized%20Southern%20European%20countries%20and%20the%20United%20States%29.%20In%20the%20final%20part%2C%20we%20discuss%20the%20heuristic%20value%20of%20the%20framework%20for%20comparative%20political%20communication%20research%20in%20the%20age%20of%20information%20pollution.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22January%2024%2C%202020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1177%5C%2F1940161219900126%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221940-1612%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1177%5C%2F1940161219900126%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22X5LKK8DQ%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-31T08%3A48%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225G56Z4UI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jamieson%20and%20Albarrac%5Cu00edn%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-04-20%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJamieson%2C%20Kathleen%20Hall%2C%20and%20Dolores%20Albarrac%5Cu00edn.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmisinforeview.hks.harvard.edu%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fthe-relation-between-media-consumption-and-misinformation-at-the-outset-of-the-sars-cov-2-pandemic-in-the-us%5C%2F%27%3EThe%20Relation%20between%20Media%20Consumption%20and%20Misinformation%20at%20the%20Outset%20of%20the%20SARS-CoV-2%20Pandemic%20in%20the%20US%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EHarvard%20Kennedy%20School%20Misinformation%20Review%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20no.%20COVID-19%20and%20Misinformation%20%28April%2020%2C%202020%29.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.37016%5C%2Fmr-2020-012.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Relation%20between%20Media%20Consumption%20and%20Misinformation%20at%20the%20Outset%20of%20the%20SARS-CoV-2%20Pandemic%20in%20the%20US%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kathleen%20Hall%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jamieson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dolores%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Albarrac%5Cu00edn%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20US%20national%20probability-based%20survey%20during%20the%20early%20days%20of%20the%20SARS-CoV-2%20spread%20in%20the%20US%20showed%20that%2C%20above%20and%20beyond%20respondents%27%20political%20party%2C%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F04%5C%2F20%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.37016%5C%2Fmr-2020-012%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmisinforeview.hks.harvard.edu%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fthe-relation-between-media-consumption-and-misinformation-at-the-outset-of-the-sars-cov-2-pandemic-in-the-us%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T07%3A04%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SX5MDC9E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kickbusch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKickbusch%2C%20Ilona%2C%20J%5Cu00fcrgen%20M.%20Pelikan%2C%20Franklin%20Apfel%2C%20Agis%20D.%20Tsouros%2C%20and%20World%20Health%20Organization%2C%20eds.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fapps.who.int%5C%2Firis%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F10665%5C%2F326432%27%3EHealth%20literacy%3A%20the%20solid%20facts%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20The%20Solid%20Facts.%20Copenhagen%3A%20World%20Health%20Organization%20Regional%20Office%20for%20Europe%2C%202013.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Health%20literacy%3A%20the%20solid%20facts%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ilona%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kickbusch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00fcrgen%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pelikan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Franklin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Apfel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Agis%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tsouros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22World%20Health%20Organization%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22As%20societies%20grow%20more%20complex%2C%20and%20people%20are%20increasingly%20bombarded%20with%20health%20information%20and%20misinformation%2C%20health%20literacy%20becomes%20essential.%20People%20with%20strong%20health%20literacy%20skills%20enjoy%20better%20health%20and%20well-being%2C%20while%20those%20with%20weaker%20skills%20tend%20to%20engage%20in%20riskier%20behaviour%20and%20have%20poorer%20health.%20With%20evidence%20from%20the%20recent%20European%20Health%20Literacy%20Survey%2C%20this%20report%20identifies%20practical%20and%20effective%20ways%20public%20health%20and%20other%20sector%20authorities%20and%20advocates%20can%20strengthen%20health%20literacy%20in%20a%20variety%20of%20settings%2C%20including%20educational%20settings%2C%20workplaces%2C%20marketplaces%2C%20health%20systems.--%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-92-890-0015-4%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fapps.who.int%5C%2Firis%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F10665%5C%2F326432%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22TGJJXIQ7%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-01T07%3A01%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22828WTBSS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kleis%20Nielsen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKleis%20Nielsen%2C%20Rasmus%2C%20Richard%20Fletcher%2C%20Nic%20Newman%2C%20J.%20Scott%20Brennen%2C%20and%20Philip%20N.%20Howard.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Freutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk%5C%2Finfodemic-how-people-six-countries-access-and-rate-news-and-information-about-coronavirus%27%3ENavigating%20the%20%27infodemic%27%3A%20how%20people%20in%20six%20countries%20access%20and%20rate%20news%20and%20information%20about%20coronavirus%20%7C%20Reuters%20Institute%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Journalism%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20Oxford%3A%20Reuters%20Institute%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Journalism%2C%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Navigating%20the%20%27infodemic%27%3A%20how%20people%20in%20six%20countries%20access%20and%20rate%20news%20and%20information%20about%20coronavirus%20%7C%20Reuters%20Institute%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Journalism%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kleis%20Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fletcher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nic%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20Scott%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brennen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Howard%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Executive%20summary%20%5Cu2191%5CnIn%20this%20report%2C%20we%20use%20survey%20data%20collected%20in%20late%20March%20and%20early%20April%202020%20to%20document%20and%20understand%20how%20people%20in%20six%20countries%20%28Argentina%2C%20Germany%2C%20South%20Korea%2C%20Spain%2C%20the%20UK%2C%20and%20the%20US%29%20accessed%20news%20and%20information%20about%20COVID-19%20in%20the%20early%20stages%20of%20the%20global%20pandemic%2C%20how%20they%20rate%20the%20trustworthiness%20of%20the%20different%20sources%20and%20platforms%20they%20rely%20on%2C%20how%20much%20misinformation%20they%20say%20they%20encounter%2C%20and%20their%20knowledge%20of%20and%20responses%20to%20the%20coronavirus%20crisis.%5Cn%5CnWe%20show%20that%3A%5Cn%5CnNews%20use%20is%20up%20across%20all%20six%20countries%2C%20and%20most%20people%20in%20most%20countries%20are%20using%20either%20social%20media%2C%20search%20engines%2C%20video%20sites%2C%20and%20messaging%20applications%20%28or%20combinations%20of%20these%29%20to%20get%20news%20and%20information%20about%20coronavirus.%5CnIn%20all%20six%20countries%2C%20people%20with%20low%20levels%20of%20formal%20education%20are%20much%20less%20likely%20to%20say%20that%20they%20rely%20on%20news%20organisations%20for%20news%20and%20information%20about%20coronavirus%2C%20and%20more%20likely%20to%20rely%20on%20social%20media%20and%20messaging%20applications.%20In%20Argentina%2C%20South%20Korea%2C%20Spain%2C%20and%20the%20US%2C%20young%20people%20are%20much%20more%20likely%20to%20rely%20on%20social%20media%2C%20and%20in%20Germany%2C%20the%20UK%2C%20and%20the%20US%2C%20to%20rely%20on%20messaging%20applications%20groups.%5CnIn%20every%20country%20covered%2C%20very%20high%20numbers%20of%20people%20across%20age%20groups%2C%20levels%20of%20education%2C%20and%20political%20views%20rate%20scientists%2C%20doctors%2C%20and%20other%20health%20experts%20as%20trustworthy%20sources%20of%20information%20about%20coronavirus.%20Three-quarters%20of%20respondents%20trust%20national%20or%20international%20public%20health%20organisations%2C%20a%20majority%20of%20respondents%20rate%20news%20organisations%20relatively%20trustworthy%2C%20and%20in%20every%20country%20apart%20from%20Spain%20and%20the%20United%20States%20a%20majority%20rates%20their%20national%20government%20trustworthy%20as%20well.%5CnWhile%20levels%20of%20trust%20in%20scientists%20and%20experts%20are%20consistently%20high%2C%20and%20levels%20of%20trust%20in%20ordinary%20people%20are%20consistently%20more%20limited%2C%20there%20are%20significant%20political%20differences%20in%20trust%20in%20news%20organisations%20and%20in%20the%20government%2C%20especially%20in%20the%20United%20States%2C%20where%20people%20on%20the%20left%20of%20the%20political%20spectrum%20trust%20news%20organisations%20much%20more%20than%20they%20trust%20the%20government%2C%20and%20people%20on%20the%20right%20trust%20the%20government%20much%20more%20than%20they%20trust%20news%20organisations.%20%5CnWhen%20asked%20how%20trustworthy%20they%20find%20news%20and%20information%20about%20coronavirus%20from%20different%20platforms%2C%20most%20respondents%20rate%20platforms%20less%20trustworthy%20than%20experts%2C%20health%20authorities%2C%20and%20news%20organisations.%20Results%20vary%20significantly%20across%20different%20types%20of%20platforms%20%5Cu2013%20averaged%20across%20the%20six%20countries%2C%20the%20%27trust%20gap%27%20between%20information%20from%20news%20organisations%20and%20information%20from%20social%20media%20is%2033%20percentage%20points%2C%20between%20news%20and%20video%20sites%2030%20percentage%20points%2C%20and%20between%20news%20and%20messaging%20applications%2035%20percentage%20points.%20The%20gap%20is%2014%20percentage%20points%20on%20average%20between%20news%20and%20search%20engines.%5CnAsked%20how%20much%20false%20or%20misleading%20information%20about%20coronavirus%20%28COVID-19%29%2C%20if%20any%2C%20people%20think%20they%20have%20seen%20from%20different%20sources%20and%20platforms%2C%20four%20overall%20findings%20stand%20out.%5CnFirst%2C%20for%20every%20source%20and%20every%20platform%20in%20every%20country%20covered%2C%20it%20is%20a%20minority%20who%20say%20they%20have%20come%20across%20a%20lot%20or%20a%20great%20deal%20of%20false%20or%20misleading%20information%20around%20coronavirus.%20%20%20%20%5CnSecond%2C%20among%20sources%2C%20%27bottom-up%27%20false%20or%20misleading%20misinformation%20spread%20by%20ordinary%20people%20whom%20respondents%20do%20not%20know%20personally%20is%20most%20widely%20identified%20%28though%20in%20South%20Korea%2C%20Spain%2C%20and%20the%20US%20respondents%20say%20individual%20politicians%20generate%20large%20volumes%20of%20%27top-down%27%20misinformation%29.%20On%20average%20about%20a%20third%20say%20they%20have%20seen%20a%20lot%20or%20a%20great%20deal%20of%20false%20or%20misleading%20bottom-up%20misinformation%20in%20the%20last%20week.%5CnThird%2C%20among%20platforms%2C%20concern%20is%20focused%20on%20social%20media%20and%20messaging%20applications%2C%20where%20on%20average%20about%20a%20third%20of%20respondents%20say%20they%20have%20seen%20a%20lot%20or%20a%20great%20deal%20of%20false%20or%20misleading%20information%20in%20the%20last%20week.%5CnFourth%2C%20while%20concern%20about%20false%20or%20misleading%20information%20about%20coronavirus%20from%20news%20organisations%20and%20national%20government%20is%20less%20widespread%20than%20concerns%20over%20ordinary%20people%2C%20social%20media%2C%20messaging%20applications%2C%20and%20in%20some%20countries%20individual%20politicians%2C%20a%20significant%20majority%20are%20still%20worried%20%5Cu2013%20about%20a%20quarter%20on%20average%20for%20both%20news%20and%20government.%5CnA%20majority%20of%20respondents%20in%20every%20country%20say%20that%20the%20news%20media%20have%20helped%20them%20understand%20the%20crisis%20and%20explain%20what%20they%20can%20do.%20However%2C%20about%20one%20in%20three%20also%20say%20they%20feel%20the%20news%20media%20have%20exaggerated%20the%20pandemic.%5CnIn%20terms%20of%20how%20well%20people%20do%20when%20asked%20a%20series%20of%20factual%20questions%20about%20coronavirus%2C%20most%20people%20do%20relatively%20well%2C%20with%20a%20clear%20majority%20answering%20more%20than%20half%20the%20questions%20correctly%20%28more%20than%20three-quarters%20in%20every%20country%20apart%20from%20South%20Korea%20%2858%25%29%20and%20the%20US%20%2865%25%29%29.%20Regression%20analysis%20shows%20that%20using%20news%20organisations%20as%20a%20source%20of%20information%20is%20associated%20with%20a%20statistically%20significant%20increase%20in%20coronavirus%20knowledge%20in%20every%20country%20except%20Argentina%20and%20Spain.%20No%20source%20of%2C%20or%20platform%20for%2C%20information%20in%20our%20dataset%20is%20consistently%20and%20significantly%20associated%20with%20lower%20coronavirus%20knowledge.%5CnFor%20most%20individual%20questions%2C%20the%20number%20of%20correct%20answers%20is%20associated%20with%20level%20of%20education%2C%20as%20respondents%20with%20low%20levels%20of%20formal%20education%20give%20more%20incorrect%20responses%20to%20most%20questions%2C%20and%20for%20some%20questions%2C%20in%20particular%20on%20issues%20that%20high-profile%20politicians%20and%20other%20prominent%20public%20figures%20have%20opined%20on%2C%20political%20orientation%20plays%20a%20large%20role.%20Almost%20a%20quarter%20of%20our%20respondents%20incorrectly%20believe%20coronavirus%20was%20made%20in%20a%20laboratory.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Reuters%20Institute%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Journalism%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2205.2020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Freutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk%5C%2Finfodemic-how-people-six-countries-access-and-rate-news-and-information-about-coronavirus%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T13%3A22%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22U8KQDZ5G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kor%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKor%2C%20Patrick%20Pui%20Kin%2C%20Angela%20Yee%20Man%20Leung%2C%20Laurence%20Lloyd%20Parial%2C%20Eliza%20Mi%20Ling%20Wong%2C%20Kevin%20Dadaczynski%2C%20Orkan%20Okan%2C%20Padmore%20Adusei%20Amoah%2C%20et%20al.%20%26%23x201C%3BAre%20People%20With%20Chronic%20Diseases%20Satisfied%20With%20the%20Online%20Health%20Information%20Related%20to%20COVID-19%20During%20the%20Pandemic%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Nursing%20Scholarship%3A%20An%20Official%20Publication%20of%20Sigma%20Theta%20Tau%20International%20Honor%20Society%20of%20Nursing%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2053%2C%20no.%201%20%28January%202021%29%3A%2075%26%23x2013%3B86.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fjnu.12616%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fjnu.12616%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Are%20People%20With%20Chronic%20Diseases%20Satisfied%20With%20the%20Online%20Health%20Information%20Related%20to%20COVID-19%20During%20the%20Pandemic%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%20Pui%20Kin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Angela%20Yee%20Man%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leung%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laurence%20Lloyd%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parial%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eliza%20Mi%20Ling%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kevin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dadaczynski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Orkan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Okan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Padmore%20Adusei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Amoah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shan%20Shan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Renli%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Teris%20Cheuk%20Chi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheung%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alex%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Molassiotis%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22PURPOSE%3A%20A%20deluge%20of%20fake%20news%20and%20misinformation%20about%20the%20coronavirus%20disease%202019%20%28COVID-19%29%20on%20the%20Internet%20poses%20challenges%20for%20the%20public%20in%20their%20search%20for%20reliable%20and%20relevant%20health%20information%20for%20taking%20protective%20measures%2C%20especially%20among%20people%20with%20chronic%20diseases%20%28PWCD%29.%20This%20study%20aimed%20to%20%28a%29%20understand%20the%20satisfaction%20level%20of%20the%20online%20information%20related%20to%20COVID-19%20in%20people%20with%20and%20without%20chronic%20diseases%3B%20%28b%29%20explore%20information-searching%20behavior%20and%20digital%20health%20literacy%20in%20PWCD%3B%20and%20%283%29%20identify%20the%20possible%20predictors%20of%20information%20satisfaction%20among%20PWCD.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20This%20was%20a%20multicity%2C%20cross-sectional%20study%20using%20an%20online%20survey%20with%20a%20convenience%20sample%20of%20people%20who%20%28a%29%20were%2015%20years%20of%20age%20or%20older%20and%20%28b%29%20had%20access%20to%20the%20Internet%20in%20mainland%20China%2C%20Hong%20Kong%2C%20and%20Macau.%5CnFINDINGS%3A%20Four%20thousand%20four%20hundred%20and%20seventy-two%20subjects%20completed%20the%20survey%2C%20of%20whom%20less%20than%2050%25%20felt%20satisfied%20with%20the%20online%20information.%20About%2020%25%20of%20respondents%20%28n%20%3D%20882%29%20were%20diagnosed%20with%20at%20least%20one%20chronic%20disease%20and%20reported%20a%20lower%20level%20of%20information%20satisfaction%20%28p%20%3D%20.003%29%20than%20the%20people%20without%20chronic%20diseases.%20The%20majority%20of%20the%20PWCD%20obtained%20their%20online%20health%20information%20from%20social%20media.%20Higher%20digital%20health%20literacy%20%28adjusted%20odds%20ratio%20%5BOR%5D%20%3D%205.07%29%2C%20higher%20frequency%20of%20searches%20regarding%20symptoms%20of%20COVID-19%20%28adjusted%20OR%20%3D%202.07%29%2C%20higher%20perceived%20importance%20of%20quickly%20learning%20from%20the%20information%20searched%20%28adjusted%20OR%20%3D%201.63%29%2C%20and%20lower%20frequency%20of%20searches%20on%20the%20topic%20of%20dealing%20with%20psychological%20stress%20%28adjusted%20OR%20%3D%200.54%29%20were%20found%20to%20be%20predictors%20of%20information%20satisfaction%20among%20PWCD.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20The%20majority%20of%20PWCD%20sought%20online%20information%20related%20to%20COVID-19%20from%20social%20media%2C%20and%20their%20level%20of%20information%20satisfaction%20was%20significantly%20lower%20than%20among%20people%20without%20chronic%20diseases.%20Digital%20health%20literacy%20is%20a%20strong%20and%20significant%20predictor%20of%20information%20satisfaction.%5CnCLINICAL%20RELEVANCE%3A%20To%20support%20PWCD%2C%20we%20not%20only%20have%20to%20provide%20them%20with%20clear%20and%20accurate%20information%2C%20but%20also%20promote%20their%20digital%20health%20literacy%20so%20that%20they%20may%20seek%2C%20understand%2C%20and%20appraise%20health%20information%20from%20the%20Internet%20to%20make%20appropriate%20health-related%20judgments%20and%20decisions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fjnu.12616%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221547-5069%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%222G8YLGV7%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22KLZYJFE2%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-03-23T16%3A54%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HMG3XGKW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kouzy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-03-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKouzy%2C%20Ramez%2C%20Joseph%20Abi%20Jaoude%2C%20Afif%20Kraitem%2C%20Molly%20B.%20El%20Alam%2C%20Basil%20Karam%2C%20Elio%20Adib%2C%20Jabra%20Zarka%2C%20Cindy%20Traboulsi%2C%20Elie%20W.%20Akl%2C%20and%20Khalil%20Baddour.%20%26%23x201C%3BCoronavirus%20Goes%20Viral%3A%20Quantifying%20the%20COVID-19%20Misinformation%20Epidemic%20on%20Twitter.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ECureus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2012%2C%20no.%203%20%28March%2013%2C%202020%29%3A%20e7255.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7759%5C%2Fcureus.7255%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7759%5C%2Fcureus.7255%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Coronavirus%20Goes%20Viral%3A%20Quantifying%20the%20COVID-19%20Misinformation%20Epidemic%20on%20Twitter%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ramez%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kouzy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abi%20Jaoude%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Afif%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kraitem%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Molly%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22El%20Alam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Basil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adib%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jabra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zarka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cindy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Traboulsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elie%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Khalil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baddour%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%20Since%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20coronavirus%20disease%202019%20%28COVID-19%29%20epidemic%2C%20misinformation%20has%20been%20spreading%5Cu00a0uninhibited%5Cu00a0over%20traditional%20and%20social%20media%20at%20a%20rapid%20pace.%20We%20sought%20to%20analyze%20the%20magnitude%20of%20misinformation%20that%20is%20being%20spread%20on%20Twitter%5Cu00a0%28Twitter%2C%20Inc.%2C%20San%20Francisco%2C%20CA%29%20regarding%20the%20coronavirus%20epidemic.%5Cu00a0%20Materials%20and%20methods%20We%20conducted%20a%20search%20on%20Twitter%20using%2014%20different%20trending%20hashtags%20and%20keywords%20related%20to%20the%20COVID-19%20epidemic.%20We%20then%20summarized%20and%20assessed%20individual%20tweets%20for%20misinformation%20in%20comparison%20to%20verified%20and%20peer-reviewed%20resources.%20Descriptive%20statistics%20were%20used%20to%20compare%5Cu00a0terms%20and%20hashtags%2C%20and%20to%20identify%20individual%20tweets%20and%20account%20characteristics.%20Results%20The%20study%20included%20673%20tweets.%20Most%20tweets%20were%20posted%20by%20informal%20individuals%5C%2Fgroups%20%2866%25%29%2C%20and%20129%20%2819.2%25%29%20belonged%20to%20verified%20Twitter%20accounts.%20The%20majority%20of%20included%20tweets%20contained%20serious%20content%20%2891.2%25%29%3B%20548%20tweets%20%2881.4%25%29%20included%20genuine%20information%20pertaining%20to%20the%20COVID-19%20epidemic.%20Around%2070%25%20of%20the%20tweets%20tackled%20medical%5C%2Fpublic%20health%20information%2C%20while%20the%20others%20were%20pertaining%20to%20sociopolitical%20and%20financial%20factors.%20In%20total%2C%20153%20tweets%20%2824.8%25%29%20included%20misinformation%2C%20and%20107%20%2817.4%25%29%20included%20unverifiable%20information%20regarding%20the%20COVID-19%20epidemic.%20The%20rate%20of%20misinformation%20was%20higher%20among%20informal%20individual%5C%2Fgroup%20accounts%20%2833.8%25%2C%20p%3A%20%3C0.001%29.%20Tweets%20from%20unverified%20Twitter%20accounts%20contained%20more%20misinformation%20%2831.0%25%20vs%2012.6%25%20for%20verified%20accounts%2C%20p%3A%20%3C0.001%29.%20Tweets%20from%20healthcare%5C%2Fpublic%20health%20accounts%20had%20the%20lowest%20rate%20of%20unverifiable%20information%20%2812.3%25%2C%20p%3A%200.04%29.%20The%20number%20of%20likes%20and%20retweets%20per%20tweet%20was%20not%20associated%20with%20a%20difference%20in%20either%20false%20or%20unverifiable%20content.%20The%20keyword%20%5C%22COVID-19%5C%22%20had%20the%20lowest%20rate%20of%20misinformation%20and%20unverifiable%20information%2C%20while%20the%20keywords%20%5C%22%232019_ncov%5C%22%20and%20%5C%22Corona%5C%22%20were%20associated%20with%20the%20highest%20amount%20of%20misinformation%20and%20unverifiable%20content%20respectively.%20Conclusions%20Medical%20misinformation%20and%20unverifiable%20content%20pertaining%20to%20the%20global%20COVID-19%20epidemic%20are%20being%20propagated%20at%20an%20alarming%20rate%20on%20social%20media.%20We%20provide%20an%20early%20quantification%20of%20the%20magnitude%20of%20misinformation%20spread%20and%20highlight%20the%20importance%20of%20early%20interventions%20in%20order%20to%20curb%20this%20phenomenon%20that%20endangers%20public%20safety%20at%20a%20time%20when%20awareness%20and%20appropriate%20preventive%20actions%20are%20paramount.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%2013%2C%202020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.7759%5C%2Fcureus.7255%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222168-8184%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T13%3A35%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227ZGB9ZKN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kuhrt%20and%20Feldwisch-Drentrup%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKuhrt%2C%20Nicola%2C%20and%20Hinnerk%20Feldwisch-Drentrup.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bertelsmann-stiftung.de%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fpublikationen%5C%2Fpublikation%5C%2Fdid%5C%2Fschlechte-und-gefaehrliche-gesundheitsinformationen%5C%2F%27%3ESchlechte%20und%20gef%5Cu00e4hrliche%20Gesundheitsinformationen.%20Wie%20sie%20erkannt%20und%20Patienten%20besser%20gesch%5Cu00fctzt%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnen%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20Schriftenreihe%20der%20Bertelsmann%20Stiftung.%20G%5Cu00fctersloh%3A%20Bertelsmann%20Stiftung%2C%20G%5Cu00fctersloh%2C%202019.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Schlechte%20und%20gef%5Cu00e4hrliche%20Gesundheitsinformationen.%20Wie%20sie%20erkannt%20und%20Patienten%20besser%20gesch%5Cu00fctzt%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnen%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicola%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kuhrt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hinnerk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Feldwisch-Drentrup%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20dieser%20Analyse%20wird%20ein%20Kriterienraster%20vorgestellt%2C%20mit%20dem%20sich%20die%20Gef%5Cu00e4hrlichkeit%20von%20Gesundheitsinfos%20beurteilen%20l%5Cu00e4sst.%20Zudem%20zeigen%20die%20Autoren%20auf%2C%20mit%20welchen%20gezielten%20Ma%5Cu00dfnahmen%20die%20B%5Cu00fcrger%20besser%20vor%20Falschinformationen%20gesch%5Cu00fctzt%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnen.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Bertelsmann%20Stiftung%2C%20G%5Cu00fctersloh%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.bertelsmann-stiftung.de%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fpublikationen%5C%2Fpublikation%5C%2Fdid%5C%2Fschlechte-und-gefaehrliche-gesundheitsinformationen%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22X5LKK8DQ%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-01T02%3A21%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CWTYSFX8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Landesanstalt%20f%5Cu00fcr%20Medien%20NRW%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELandesanstalt%20f%5Cu00fcr%20Medien%20NRW.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.medienanstalt-nrw.de%5C%2Fpresse%5C%2Fpressemitteilungen-2021%5C%2F2021%5C%2Ffebruar%5C%2Fverification-handbook.html%27%3EVerification%20Handbook.%20Handbuch%20zur%20%5Cu00dcberpr%5Cu00fcfung%20von%20Desinformation%20und%20Medienmanipulation%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20Accessed%20February%205%2C%202021.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Verification%20Handbook.%20Handbuch%20zur%20%5Cu00dcberpr%5Cu00fcfung%20von%20Desinformation%20und%20Medienmanipulation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landesanstalt%20f%5Cu00fcr%20Medien%20NRW%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.medienanstalt-nrw.de%5C%2Fpresse%5C%2Fpressemitteilungen-2021%5C%2F2021%5C%2Ffebruar%5C%2Fverification-handbook.html%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-02-05T11%3A53%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AKX9QF7N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Larson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-03-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELarson%2C%20Heidi%20J.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fd41586-020-00920-w%27%3EBlocking%20information%20on%20COVID-19%20can%20fuel%20the%20spread%20of%20misinformation%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3ENature%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20580%2C%20no.%207803%20%28March%2030%2C%202020%29%3A%20306%5Cu2013306.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fd41586-020-00920-w.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Blocking%20information%20on%20COVID-19%20can%20fuel%20the%20spread%20of%20misinformation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Heidi%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Larson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Governments%20need%20to%20think%20twice%20before%20they%20suppress%20messages%20related%20to%20COVID-19.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-03-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fd41586-020-00920-w%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fd41586-020-00920-w%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T13%3A44%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GCTGX335%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lau%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELau%2C%20Sam%20S.%20S.%2C%20Eric%20N.%20Y.%20Shum%2C%20Jackie%20O.%20T.%20Man%2C%20Ethan%20T.%20H.%20Cheung%2C%20Padmore%20Adusei%20Amoah%2C%20Angela%20Y.%20M.%20Leung%2C%20Kevin%20Dadaczynski%2C%20and%20Orkan%20Okan.%20%26%23x201C%3BAssessing%20COVID-19-Related%20Health%20Literacy%20and%20Associated%20Factors%20among%20School%20Teachers%20in%20Hong%20Kong%2C%20China.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EFrontiers%20in%20Public%20Health%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2010%20%282022%29%3A%201057782.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffpubh.2022.1057782%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffpubh.2022.1057782%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Assessing%20COVID-19-related%20health%20literacy%20and%20associated%20factors%20among%20school%20teachers%20in%20Hong%20Kong%2C%20China%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sam%20S.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eric%20N.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shum%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jackie%20O.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Man%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ethan%20T.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheung%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Padmore%20Adusei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Amoah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Angela%20Y.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leung%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kevin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dadaczynski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Orkan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Okan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22OBJECTIVES%3A%20The%20coronavirus%20disease%202019%20%28COVID-19%29%20pandemic%20developed%20rapidly%2C%20with%20changing%20guidelines%2C%20misinformation%2C%20inaccurate%20health%20information%20and%20rumors.%20This%20situation%20has%20highlighted%20the%20importance%20of%20health%20literacy%2C%20especially%20among%20educators.%20The%20aims%20of%20this%20study%20were%20%28i%29%20to%20assess%20COVID-19-specific%20health%20literacy%20among%20school%20teachers%20in%20Hong%20Kong%20and%20%28ii%29%20to%20examine%20its%20association%20with%20demographic%20factors%2C%20self-endangering%20work%20behaviors%20%28i.e.%2C%20work%20intensification%2C%20work%20extensification%20and%20work%20quality%20reduction%29%2C%20secondary%20burnout%20symptoms%20%28i.e.%2C%20exhaustion%20related%20to%20work%20and%20psychosomatic%20complaints%29%2C%20the%20level%20of%20knowledge%20of%20COVID-19-%20or%20pandemic-related%20information%20and%20the%20level%20of%20confusion%20about%20COVID-19-related%20information.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20A%20self-report%20survey%20was%20administered%20to%20366%20Hong%20Kong%20school%20teachers%20from%20April%202021%20to%20February%202022.%20COVID-19-specific%20health%20literacy%20was%20measured%20using%20the%20HLS-COVID-Q22%20instrument.%20Other%20instruments%2C%20including%20self-endangering%20work%20behavior%20scales%20%28i.e.%2C%20extensification%20of%20work%2C%20intensification%20of%20work%20and%20work%20quality%20reduction%29%20and%20two%20dimensions%20of%20the%20Burnout%20Assessment%20Tool%20%28i.e.%2C%20psychosomatic%20complaints%20and%20exhaustion%29%20were%20also%20used%20for%20assessment.%20Data%20were%20analyzed%20using%20an%20independent%20samples%20Student%27s%20t-test%2C%20analysis%20of%20variance%2C%20correlation%20analysis%20and%20adjusted%20multilinear%20regression%20models.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20The%20results%20showed%20that%2050.8%25%20of%20school%20teachers%20had%20sufficient%20health%20literacy%2C%2038.3%25%20had%20problematic%20health%20literacy%20and%2010.9%25%20had%20inadequate%20health%20literacy.%20The%20HLS-COVID%20score%20did%20not%20vary%20by%20sex%2C%20but%20varied%20according%20to%20the%20type%20of%20school%2C%20the%20number%20of%20working%20hours%20per%20week%20and%20the%20number%20of%20students%20attending%20the%20school.%20Teachers%20with%20sufficient%20health%20literacy%20scored%20significantly%20lower%20for%20two%20types%20of%20self-endangering%20work%20behavior-intensification%20of%20work%20%28p%20%3D%200.003%29%20and%20work%20quality%20reduction%20%28p%20%3D%200.007%29-than%20those%20with%20insufficient%20health%20literacy.%20After%20excluding%20those%20who%20had%20already%20been%20vaccinated%2C%20respondents%20with%20sufficient%20health%20literacy%20felt%20more%20positive%20about%20COVID-19%20vaccination%20than%20those%20with%20insufficient%20health%20literacy%20%28t%5B180%5D%20%3D%204.168%2C%20p%20%3C%200.001%29.%20In%20addition%2C%20teachers%20with%20sufficient%20health%20literacy%20felt%20more%20informed%20%28p%20%3C%200.001%29%20and%20less%20confused%20%28p%20%3C%200.001%29%20about%20COVID-19-related%20information%20than%20those%20with%20insufficient%20health%20literacy.%20Multiple%20linear%20regression%20analysis%20revealed%20that%20age%20%28%5Cu03b2%20%3D%200.14%2C%20p%20%3D%200.011%29%20and%20the%20number%20of%20teaching%20hours%20per%20week%20%28%5Cu03b2%20%3D%20-0.206%2C%20p%20%3C%200.001%29%20were%20significant%20predictors%20of%20the%20HLS-COVID%20score.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20The%20findings%20of%20this%20study%20may%20serve%20as%20a%20guide%20for%20addressing%20health%20literacy%20gaps%20among%20school%20teachers.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffpubh.2022.1057782%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222296-2565%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22S488ZYK4%22%2C%22KLZYJFE2%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22GEEM6ZXB%22%2C%224KVK6YUS%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-11T10%3A51%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GALQ29V4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lewandowsky%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELewandowsky%2C%20S%2C%20J%20Cook%2C%20and%20P.%20Schmid.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Frri-tools.eu%5C%2F-%5C%2Fthe-covid-19-vaccine-communication-handbook-a-practical-guide-for-improving-vaccine-communication-and-fighting-misinformation%27%3EThe%20COVID-19%20Vaccine%20Communication%20Handbook.%20A%20practical%20guide%20for%20improving%20vaccine%20communication%20and%20fighting%20misinformation%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%202021.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20COVID-19%20Vaccine%20Communication%20Handbook.%20A%20practical%20guide%20for%20improving%20vaccine%20communication%20and%20fighting%20misinformation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lewandowsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cook%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmid%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20handbook%20is%20for%20journalists%2C%20doctors%2C%20nurses%2C%20policy%20makers%2C%20researchers%2C%20teachers%2C%20students%2C%20parents%20%5Cu2013%20in%20short%2C%20it%5Cu2019s%20for%20everyone%20who%20wants%20to%20know%20more%3A%20%20about%20the%20COVID-19%20vaccines%2C%20how%20to%20talk%20to%20others%20about%20them%2C%20how%20to%20challenge%20misinformation%20about%20the%20vaccines.%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Frri-tools.eu%5C%2F-%5C%2Fthe-covid-19-vaccine-communication-handbook-a-practical-guide-for-improving-vaccine-communication-and-fighting-misinformation%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%226DCTQ3Z4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-01T02%3A41%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22853P4NQ6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Liu%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELiu%2C%20David%20Tianxiang%2C%20Gerold%20Besser%2C%20Matthias%20Leonhard%2C%20Tina%20Josefin%20Bartosik%2C%20Thomas%20Parzefall%2C%20Faris%20F.%20Brkic%2C%20Christian%20Albert%20Mueller%2C%20and%20Dominik%20Riss.%20%26%23x201C%3BSeasonal%20Variations%20in%20Public%20Inquiries%20into%20Laryngitis%3A%20An%20Infodemiology%20Study.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Voice%3A%20Official%20Journal%20of%20the%20Voice%20Foundation%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2036%2C%20no.%201%20%28January%202022%29%3A%2098%26%23x2013%3B105.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jvoice.2020.04.018%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jvoice.2020.04.018%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seasonal%20Variations%20in%20Public%20Inquiries%20into%20Laryngitis%3A%20An%20Infodemiology%20Study%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20Tianxiang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gerold%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Besser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthias%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leonhard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tina%20Josefin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bartosik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parzefall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Faris%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brkic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%20Albert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mueller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dominik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riss%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22OBJECTIVES%3A%20Acute%20laryngitis%20is%20a%20common%20disease%20with%20self-limiting%20nature.%20Since%20the%20leading%20cause%20is%20attributed%20to%20viral%20infections%20and%20thus%20self-limiting%2C%20many%20affected%20individuals%20do%20not%20seek%20professional%20medical%20help.%20However%2C%20because%20the%20major%20symptom%20of%20hoarseness%20imposes%20a%20substantial%20burden%20in%20everyday%20life%2C%20it%20might%20be%20speculated%20that%20web-based%20search%20interest%20on%20this%20condition%20follows%20incidence%20rates%2C%20with%20highest%20peaks%20during%20winter%20months.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20evaluate%20global%20public%20health-information%20seeking%20behaviour%20on%20laryngitis-related%20search%20terms.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20We%20utilized%20Google%20Trends%20to%20assess%20country-specific%2C%20representative%20laryngitis-related%20search%20terms%20for%20English%20and%20non-English%20speaking%20countries%20of%20both%20hemispheres.%20Extracted%20time%20series%20data%20from%20Australia%2C%20Brazil%2C%20Canada%2C%20Germany%2C%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%20and%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America%2C%20covering%20a%20timeframe%20between%202004%20and%202019%20were%20first%20assessed%20for%20reliability%2C%20followed%20by%20seasonality%20analysis%20using%20the%20cosinor%20model.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Direct%20comparisons%20revealed%20different%2C%20representative%20laryngitis-related%20search%20terms%20for%20English-%20and%20non-English%20speaking%20countries.%20Extracted%20data%20showed%20a%20trend%20of%20higher%20reliability%20in%20countries%20with%20more%20inhabitants.%20Subsequent%20graphical%20analysis%20revealed%20winter%20peaks%20in%20all%20countries%20from%20both%20hemispheres.%20Cosinor%20analysis%20confirmed%20these%20seasonal%20variations%20to%20be%20significant%20%28all%20P%20%3C%200.001%29.%5CnCONCLUSION%3A%20Public%20interest%20in%20laryngitis-related%2C%20online%20health%20information%20displayed%20seasonal%20variations%20in%20countries%20from%20both%20hemispheres%2C%20with%20highest%20interest%20during%20winter%20months.%20These%20findings%20emphasize%20the%20importance%20to%20optimize%20the%20distribution%20of%20reliable%2C%20web-based%20health%20education%20in%20order%20to%20prevent%20the%20spread%20of%20misinformation%20and%20to%20improve%20health%20literacy%20among%20general%20populations.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jvoice.2020.04.018%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221873-4588%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-31T16%3A17%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225M2JZIMQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Medien-Doktor%2C%20der%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMedien-Doktor%2C%20der.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.medien-doktor.de%27%3EWir%20beurteilen%20die%20Qualit%5Cu00e4t%20journalistischer%20Beitr%5Cu00e4ge%20in%20Publikumsmedien%20nach%20festgelegten%20Kriterien%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Wir%20beurteilen%20die%20Qualit%5Cu00e4t%20journalistischer%20Beitr%5Cu00e4ge%20in%20Publikumsmedien%20nach%20festgelegten%20Kriterien%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Medien-Doktor%2C%20der%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.medien-doktor.de%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22QXIGN3AI%22%2C%224KVK6YUS%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-01-07T12%3A12%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ASVTQDYC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Merchant%20and%20Lurie%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-05-26%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMerchant%2C%20Raina%20M.%2C%20and%20Nicole%20Lurie.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjamanetwork.com%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fjama%5C%2Ffullarticle%5C%2F2763596%27%3ESocial%20Media%20and%20Emergency%20Preparedness%20in%20Response%20to%20Novel%20Coronavirus%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EJAMA%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20323%2C%20no.%2020%20%28May%2026%2C%202020%29%3A%202011%5Cu201312.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1001%5C%2Fjama.2020.4469.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Social%20Media%20and%20Emergency%20Preparedness%20in%20Response%20to%20Novel%20Coronavirus%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Raina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merchant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicole%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lurie%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20Viewpoint%20discusses%20the%20ways%20social%20media%20can%20be%20used%20as%20a%20critical%20tool%20in%20managing%20the%20COVID-19%20outbreak%2C%20such%20as%20by%20directing%20users%20to%20trusted%20sources%20and%20counteracting%20misinformation%2C%20and%20how%20it%20can%20transform%20aspects%20of%20preparedness%20and%20response%20for%20the%20future.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F05%5C%2F26%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1001%5C%2Fjama.2020.4469%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220098-7484%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjamanetwork.com%5C%2Fjournals%5C%2Fjama%5C%2Ffullarticle%5C%2F2763596%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-28T07%3A45%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223VE4E7ZU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mian%20and%20Khan%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMian%2C%20Areeb%2C%20and%20Shujhat%20Khan.%20%26%23x201C%3BCoronavirus%3A%20The%20Spread%20of%20Misinformation.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EBMC%20Medicine%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2018%2C%20no.%201%20%2818%202020%29%3A%2089.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12916-020-01556-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2Fs12916-020-01556-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Coronavirus%3A%20the%20spread%20of%20misinformation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Areeb%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shujhat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2203%2018%2C%202020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2Fs12916-020-01556-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221741-7015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22ZKMQLZWF%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-04-09T10%3A42%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22X5VJYW8A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22National%20Academies%20of%20Sciences%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-12-17%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENational%20Academies%20of%20Sciences%2C%20Engineering.%20%3Ci%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nap.edu%5C%2Fcatalog%5C%2F26021%5C%2Faddressing-health-misinformation-with-health-literacy-strategies-proceedings-of-a%27%3EAddressing%20Health%20Misinformation%20with%20Health%20Literacy%20Strategies%3A%20Proceedings%20of%20a%20Workshop%5Cu2014in%20Brief%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%202020.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.17226%5C%2F26021.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Addressing%20Health%20Misinformation%20with%20Health%20Literacy%20Strategies%3A%20Proceedings%20of%20a%20Workshop%5Cu2014in%20Brief%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Engineering%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22National%20Academies%20of%20Sciences%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Download%20a%20PDF%20of%20%5C%22Addressing%20Health%20Misinformation%20with%20Health%20Literacy%20Strategies%5C%22%20by%20the%20National%20Academies%20of%20Sciences%2C%20Engineering%2C%20and%20Medicine%20for%20free.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F12%5C%2F17%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nap.edu%5C%2Fcatalog%5C%2F26021%5C%2Faddressing-health-misinformation-with-health-literacy-strategies-proceedings-of-a%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-01-05T10%3A36%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228J7WI2GW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Neuberger%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-11-23%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENeuberger%2C%20Christoph.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.iqwig.de%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fveranstaltungen%5C%2Fherbst-symposium%5C%2Fsymposium-2018.10178.html%27%3EFake%20News%2C%20Filter%20Bubbles%2C%20Influencer%3A%20Bedingungen%20f%5Cu00fcr%20die%20Evidenzsicherung%20im%20Internet%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20Pr%5Cu00e4sentation%20presented%20at%20the%20IQWiG-Herbstsymposium%202018%2C%20K%5Cu00f6ln%202018%2C%20November%2023%2C%202018.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22presentation%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fake%20News%2C%20Filter%20Bubbles%2C%20Influencer%3A%20Bedingungen%20f%5Cu00fcr%20die%20Evidenzsicherung%20im%20Internet%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christoph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neuberger%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2223.11.2018%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.iqwig.de%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fveranstaltungen%5C%2Fherbst-symposium%5C%2Fsymposium-2018.10178.html%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22DE%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WIWAANMC%22%2C%22X5LKK8DQ%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-01T15%3A18%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225Q768YK4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Okan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EOkan%2C%20Orkan%2C%20Torsten%20Michael%20Bollweg%2C%20Eva-Maria%20Berens%2C%20Klaus%20Hurrelmann%2C%20Ullrich%20Bauer%2C%20and%20Doris%20Schaeffer.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F1660-4601%5C%2F17%5C%2F15%5C%2F5503%27%3ECoronavirus-Related%20Health%20Literacy%3A%20A%20Cross-Sectional%20Study%20in%20Adults%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20Infodemic%20in%20Germany%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EInternational%20Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Research%20and%20Public%20Health%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2017%2C%20no.%2015%20%28January%202020%29%3A%205503.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fijerph17155503.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Coronavirus-Related%20Health%20Literacy%3A%20A%20Cross-Sectional%20Study%20in%20Adults%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20Infodemic%20in%20Germany%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Orkan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Okan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Torsten%20Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bollweg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Klaus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hurrelmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ullrich%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bauer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaeffer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20is%20an%20%26ldquo%3Binfodemic%26rdquo%3B%20associated%20with%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%26mdash%3Ban%20overabundance%20of%20valid%20and%20invalid%20information.%20Health%20literacy%20is%20the%20ability%20to%20access%2C%20understand%2C%20appraise%2C%20and%20apply%20health%20information%2C%20making%20it%20crucial%20for%20navigating%20coronavirus%20and%20COVID-19%20information%20environments.%20A%20cross-sectional%20representative%20study%20of%20participants%20%26ge%3B%2016%20years%20in%20Germany%20was%20conducted%20using%20an%20online%20survey.%20A%20coronavirus-related%20health%20literacy%20measure%20was%20developed%20%28HLS-COVID-Q22%29.%20Internal%20consistency%20was%20very%20high%20%28%26alpha%3B%20%3D%200.940%3B%20%26rho%3B%20%3D%200.891%29%20and%20construct%20validity%20suggests%20a%20sufficient%20model%20fit%2C%20making%20HLS-COVID-Q22%20a%20feasible%20tool%20for%20assessing%20coronavirus-related%20health%20literacy%20in%20population%20surveys.%20While%2049.9%25%20of%20our%20sample%20had%20sufficient%20levels%20of%20coronavirus-related%20health%20literacy%2C%2050.1%25%20had%20%26ldquo%3Bproblematic%26rdquo%3B%20%2815.2%25%29%20or%20%26ldquo%3Binadequate%26rdquo%3B%20%2834.9%25%29%20levels.%20Although%20the%20overall%20level%20of%20health%20literacy%20is%20high%2C%20a%20vast%20number%20of%20participants%20report%20difficulties%20dealing%20with%20coronavirus%20and%20COVID-19%20information.%20The%20participants%20felt%20well%20informed%20about%20coronavirus%2C%20but%2047.8%25%20reported%20having%20difficulties%20judging%20whether%20they%20could%20trust%20media%20information%20on%20COVID-19.%20Confusion%20about%20coronavirus%20information%20was%20significantly%20higher%20among%20those%20who%20had%20lower%20health%20literacy.%20This%20calls%20for%20targeted%20public%20information%20campaigns%20and%20promotion%20of%20population-based%20health%20literacy%20for%20better%20navigation%20of%20information%20environments%20during%20the%20infodemic%2C%20identification%20of%20disinformation%2C%20and%20decision-making%20based%20on%20reliable%20and%20trustworthy%20information.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fijerph17155503%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F1660-4601%5C%2F17%5C%2F15%5C%2F5503%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%227NLACL24%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%222G8YLGV7%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22M4H3F6AT%22%2C%22KLZYJFE2%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%22H44B5WB6%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-03-23T17%3A30%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2258Y2T56D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ott%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-08-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EOtt%2C%20Kai-Uwe%2C%20Christian%20Keinki%2C%20Lukas%20Kaesmann%2C%20and%20Jutta%20Huebner.%20%26%23x201C%3BEducation%20of%20Complementary%20and%20Alternative%20Medicine%20in%20Adult%20Education%20Centers%20in%20Germany%3A%20A%26%23xA0%3BWeb-Based%20Survey.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EWiener%20Medizinische%20Wochenschrift%20%281946%29%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20August%2010%2C%202022.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10354-022-00951-0%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10354-022-00951-0%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Education%20of%20complementary%20and%20alternative%20medicine%20in%20adult%20education%20centers%20in%20Germany%3A%20a%5Cu00a0web-based%20survey%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kai-Uwe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keinki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kaesmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jutta%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huebner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Adult%20education%20centers%20are%20an%20important%20part%20of%20health%20education%20worldwide.%20Our%20aim%20was%20to%20evaluate%20the%20courses%20offered%20by%20German%20adult%20education%20centers%20with%20regard%20to%20complementary%20medicine%20and%20nutrition.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20A%5Cu00a0systematic%20web-based%20search%20was%20done%20for%20the%20websites%20of%20German%20adult%20education%20centers%20and%20courses%20were%20analyzed%20considering%20topics%2C%20scientific%20soundness%2C%20and%20qualification%20of%20instructors.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Our%20search%20revealed%20502%20courses%2C%20360%20%2871.7%25%29%20related%20to%20complementary%20and%20alternative%20medicine%20%28CAM%29%20and%20176%20courses%20on%20nutrition%20%2835.1%25%29.%20CAM%20courses%20most%20often%20presented%20methods%20with%20a%5Cu00a0focus%20on%20traditional%20Eastern%20medicine%20with%20yoga%20and%20similar%20mind-body%20practices%20%2841.9%25%29%2C%20traditional%20Chinese%20medicine%20%28TCM%3B%2013.3%25%29%2C%20and%20ayurvedic%20medicine%20%2811.4%25%29.%20Content%20concerning%20nutrition%20mainly%20included%20controversial%20fasting%20methods%20like%20alkaline%20fasting%2C%20detox%20diets%2C%20and%20therapeutic%20fasting%20%2843.8%25%29%2C%20as%20well%20as%20Eastern%20traditional%20diets%20from%20TCM%20and%20ayurveda%20%2821.7%25%29.%20Most%20of%20the%20courses%20were%20given%20by%20non-medical%20practitioners%20%28NMPs%3B%2036.4%25%29%2C%20while%20only%20very%20few%20physicians%20were%20engaged.%5CnCONCLUSION%3A%20There%20are%20substantial%20doubts%20on%20the%20scientific%20background%20of%20many%20courses%20offered%20for%20lay%20adult%20health%20education.%20Besides%20direct%20misinformation%2C%20many%20courses%20reinforce%20alternative%20and%20non-evidence-based%20notions%20in%20society.%20Adult%20education%20centers%20should%20reconsider%20the%20topics%20of%20their%20courses%20as%20well%20as%20the%20professional%20qualifications%20of%20the%20instructors.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-08-10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10354-022-00951-0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221563-258X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%22WLMB9RCY%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22B5SCN5E3%22%2C%22QXIGN3AI%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-12-03T16%3A42%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BH357X8E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pan%20American%20Health%20Organization%20%28PHO%29%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPan%20American%20Health%20Organization%20%28PHO%29.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Firis.paho.org%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F10665.2%5C%2F52052%27%3EUnderstanding%20the%20Infodemic%20and%20Misinformation%20in%20the%20fight%20against%20COVID-19.%20COVID-19%20Factsheet%3B%205%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Understanding%20the%20Infodemic%20and%20Misinformation%20in%20the%20fight%20against%20COVID-19.%20COVID-19%20Factsheet%3B%205%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pan%20American%20Health%20Organization%20%28PHO%29%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22What%20is%20the%20Infodemic%3F%20As%20stated%20by%20the%20WHO%2C%20the%20COVID-19%20outbreak%20and%20response%20has%20been%20accompanied%20by%20a%20massive%20infodemic%3A%20an%20overabundance%20of%20information%20%5Cu2013%20some%20accurate%20and%20some%20not%20%5Cu2013%20that%20makes%20it%20hard%20for%20people%20to%20find%20trustworthy%20sources%20and%20reliable%20guidance%20when%20they%20need%20it.%20Infodemic%20refers%20to%20a%20large%20increase%20in%20the%20volume%20of%20information%20associated%20with%20a%20specific%20topic%20and%20whose%20growth%20can%20occur%20exponentially%20in%20a%20short%20period%20of%20time%20due%20to%20a%20specific%20incident%2C%20such%20as%20the%20current%20pandemic.%20In%20this%20situation%2C%20misinformation%20and%20rumors%20appear%20on%20the%20scene%2C%20along%20with%20manipulation%20of%20information%20with%20doubtful%20intent.%20In%20the%20information%20age%2C%20this%20phenomenon%20is%20amplified%20through%20social%20networks%2C%20spreading%20farther%20and%20faster%20like%20a%20virus%20...%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22ENG%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Firis.paho.org%5C%2Fhandle%5C%2F10665.2%5C%2F52052%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-01-15T14%3A34%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CWAMCDWM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Petri%5Cu010d%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPetri%26%23x10D%3B%2C%20Gregor%2C%20Sara%20Atanasova%2C%20and%20Tanja%20Kamin.%20%26%23x201C%3BIll%20Literates%20or%20Illiterates%3F%20Investigating%20the%20EHealth%20Literacy%20of%20Users%20of%20Online%20Health%20Communities.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Medical%20Internet%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2019%2C%20no.%2010%20%2804%202017%29%3A%20e331.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2196%5C%2Fjmir.7372%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2196%5C%2Fjmir.7372%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ill%20Literates%20or%20Illiterates%3F%20Investigating%20the%20eHealth%20Literacy%20of%20Users%20of%20Online%20Health%20Communities%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gregor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petri%5Cu010d%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sara%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atanasova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tanja%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kamin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Electronic%20health%20%28eHealth%29%20literacy%20is%20an%20important%20skill%20that%20allows%20patients%20to%20navigate%20intelligibly%20through%20the%20vast%2C%20often%20misleading%20Web-based%20world.%20Although%20eHealth%20literacy%20has%20been%20investigated%20in%20general%20and%20specific%20demographic%20populations%2C%20it%20has%20not%20yet%20been%20analyzed%20on%20users%20of%20online%20health%20communities%20%28OHCs%29.%20Evidence%20shows%20that%20OHCs%20are%20important%20Web%202.0%20applications%20for%20patients%20for%20managing%20their%20health%2C%20but%20at%20the%20same%20time%2C%20warnings%20have%20been%20expressed%20regarding%20the%20quality%20and%20relevance%20of%20shared%20information.%20No%20studies%20exist%20that%20investigate%20levels%20of%20eHealth%20literacy%20among%20users%20of%20OHCs%20and%20differences%20in%20eHealth%20literacy%20between%20different%20types%20of%20users.%5CnOBJECTIVE%3A%20The%20study%20aimed%20to%20investigate%20eHealth%20literacy%20across%20different%20types%20of%20users%20of%20OHCs%20based%20on%20a%20revised%20and%20extended%20eHealth%20literacy%20scale%20%28eHEALS%29.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20The%20study%20was%20based%20on%20a%20cross-sectional%20Web%20survey%20on%20a%20simple%20random%20sample%20of%2015%2C000%20registered%20users%20of%20the%20most%20popular%20general%20OHC%20in%20Slovenia.%20The%20final%20sample%20comprised%20644%20users%20of%20the%20studied%20OHC.%20An%20extended%20eHEALS%20%28eHEALS-E%29%20was%20tested%20with%20factor%20analytical%20procedures%2C%20whereas%20user%20types%20were%20identified%20with%20a%20hierarchical%20clustering%20algorithm.%20The%20research%20question%20was%20analyzed%20with%20analysis%20of%20variance%20%28ANOVA%29%20procedure%20and%20pairwise%20comparison%20tests.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Factor%20analysis%20of%20the%20revised%20and%20extended%20eHEALS%20revealed%20six%20dimensions%3A%20awareness%20of%20sources%2C%20recognizing%20quality%20and%20meaning%2C%20understanding%20information%2C%20perceived%20efficiency%2C%20validating%20information%2C%20and%20being%20smart%20on%20the%20Net.%20The%20factor%20solution%20demonstrates%20a%20good%20fit%20to%20the%20data%20%28root%20mean%20square%20error%20of%20approximation%20%5BRMSEA%5D%3D.059%29.%20The%20most%20developed%20dimension%20of%20eHEALS-E%20is%20awareness%20of%20different%20Internet%20sources%20%28mean%3D3.98%2C%20standard%20deviation%20%5BSD%5D%3D0.61%29%2C%20whereas%20the%20least%20developed%20is%20understanding%20information%20%28mean%3D3.11%2C%20SD%3D0.75%29.%20Clustering%20resulted%20in%20four%20user%20types%3A%20active%20help-seekers%20%2848.3%25%2C%20311%5C%2F644%29%2C%20lurkers%20%2831.8%25%2C%20205%5C%2F644%29%2C%20core%20relational%20users%20%2816.9%25%2C%20109%5C%2F644%29%2C%20and%20low-engaged%20users%20%283%25%2C%2019%5C%2F644%29.%20Analysis%20of%20the%20research%20question%20showed%20statistically%20significant%20differences%20among%20user%20types%20across%20all%20six%20dimensions%20of%20eHEALS-E.%20Most%20notably%2C%20core%20relational%20users%20performed%20worse%20than%20lurkers%20on%20the%20validating%20information%20dimension%20%28P%3D.01%29%20and%20worse%20than%20active%20help-seekers%20on%20the%20being%20smart%20on%20the%20Net%20dimension%20%28P%3D.05%29.%20Active%20help-seekers%20have%20the%20highest%20scores%20in%20all%20dimensions%20of%20the%20eHEALS-E%2C%20whereas%20low-engaged%20users%20have%20statistically%20significantly%20lower%20scores%20on%20all%20dimensions%20of%20the%20eHEALS-E%20in%20comparison%20with%20the%20other%20groups.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20Those%20who%20are%20looking%20for%20advice%20and%20support%20in%20OHCs%20by%20making%20queries%20are%20well%20equipped%20with%20eHealth%20literacy%20skills%20to%20filter%20potential%20misinformation%20and%20detect%20bad%20advice.%20However%2C%20core%20relational%20users%20%28who%20produce%20the%20most%20content%20in%20OHCs%29%20have%20less-developed%20skills%20for%20cross-validating%20the%20information%20obtained%20and%20navigating%20successfully%20through%20the%20perils%20of%20the%20online%20world.%20Site%20managers%20should%20monitor%20their%20activity%20to%20avoid%20the%20spread%20of%20misinformation%20that%20might%20lead%20to%20unhealthy%20practices.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2210%2004%2C%202017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2196%5C%2Fjmir.7372%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221438-8871%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%222G8YLGV7%22%2C%227FBAMELL%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-03-20T12%3A47%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IYRR572D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Quansah%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EQuansah%2C%20Frank%2C%20Francis%20Ankomah%2C%20Edmond%20K.%20Agormedah%2C%20Richard%20S.%20K.%20Abieraba%2C%20Medina%20Srem-Sai%2C%20John%20E.%20Hagan%2C%20Orkan%20Okan%2C%20Kevin%20Dadaczynski%2C%20and%20Thomas%20Schack.%20%26%23x201C%3BCOVID-Digital%20Health%20Literacy%20and%20Subjective%20Well-Being%20of%20Students%20in%20Ghana%3A%20Mediation-Moderation%20Analyses.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EHealth%20Science%20Reports%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%205%2C%20no.%206%20%28November%202022%29%3A%20e916.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhsr2.916%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fhsr2.916%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22COVID-digital%20health%20literacy%20and%20subjective%20well-being%20of%20students%20in%20Ghana%3A%20Mediation-moderation%20analyses%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Quansah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ankomah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Edmond%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Agormedah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20S.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abieraba%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Medina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Srem-Sai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hagan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Orkan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Okan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kevin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dadaczynski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schack%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Previous%20research%20has%20established%20a%20strong%20association%20between%20COVID-19%20digital%20health%20literacy%20%28DHL%29%20and%20subjective%20well-being%20among%20several%20populations%2C%20including%20students.%20With%20the%20growing%20misinformation%20and%20heightened%20fear%20of%20COVID-19%20among%20persons%20with%20an%20underlying%20medical%20condition%2C%20several%20scholars%20have%20questioned%20the%20direct%20relationship%20between%20DHL%20and%20well-being.%20This%20study%20assessed%20the%20moderating%20roles%20of%20information%20accuracy%20concerns%20and%20the%20existence%20of%20an%20underlying%20medical%20condition%20among%20students.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20Using%20a%20cross-sectional%20design%2C%20a%20multi-stage%20sampling%20approach%20was%20used%20to%20select%201392%20students%20from%20senior%20high%20schools%20in%20Northern%20Ghana%20who%20completed%20a%20questionnaire%20containing%20information%20on%20DHL%2C%20information%20accuracy%2C%20subjective%20well-being%2C%20and%20underlying%20health%20condition%2C%20with%20reported%20internal%20consistency%20coefficients%20above%200.70.%20The%20data%20which%20was%20processed%20with%20SPSS%20version%2025%2C%20was%20analyzed%20using%20correlation%20%28Pearson%20and%20biserial%29%2C%20and%20Hayes%27%20PROCESS%20for%20the%20moderation%20and%20mediation%20analyses.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20A%20significant%20positive%20relationship%20was%20found%20between%20%28a%29%20DHL%20and%20subjective%20well-being%2C%20%28b%29%20DHL%20and%20information%20accuracy%20concerns%2C%20and%20%28c%29%20information%20accuracy%20concerns%20and%20subjective%20well-being.%20However%2C%20the%20prevalence%20of%20underlying%20health%20condition%20was%20negatively%20associated%20with%20information%20accuracy%2C%20DHL%2C%20and%20subjective%20well-being.%20Information%20accuracy%20concerns%20and%20the%20existence%20of%20an%20underlying%20medical%20condition%20significantly%20regulated%20the%20relationship%20between%20DHL%20and%20subjective%20well-being.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20Demonstrating%20satisfactory%20levels%20of%20DHL%20does%20not%20necessarily%20result%20in%20improved%20subjective%20well-being.%20However%2C%20emphasis%20should%20be%20placed%20on%20whether%20individuals%20attach%20much%20importance%20to%20the%20accuracy%20of%20information%20retrieved%20as%20well%20as%20having%20or%20not%20an%20underlying%20health%20condition.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fhsr2.916%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222398-8835%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%222G8YLGV7%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22S488ZYK4%22%2C%22KLZYJFE2%22%2C%22T28GHHN8%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22GEEM6ZXB%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-11T10%3A51%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RII54FPC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22RiffReporter%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERiffReporter.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.riffreporter.de%5C%2Fcorona-virus%5C%2Fcorona-symptome-ansteckung-impfstoff-fragen-antworten%5C%2F%27%3ERiffReporter%3A%20Sie%20fragen%2C%20wir%20antworten%3A%20FAQ%20zur%20Coronakrise%20%5Cu2013%20von%20Ansteckung%20%5Cu00fcber%20Falschnachrichten%20bis%20Zwangsma%5Cu00dfnahmen%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22RiffReporter%3A%20Sie%20fragen%2C%20wir%20antworten%3A%20FAQ%20zur%20Coronakrise%20%5Cu2013%20von%20Ansteckung%20%5Cu00fcber%20Falschnachrichten%20bis%20Zwangsma%5Cu00dfnahmen%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22RiffReporter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Schicken%20sie%20uns%20Ihre%20Fragen%20zu%20Symptomen%2C%20Ansteckung%2C%20Tests%2C%20Staats-%20und%20B%5Cu00fcrgerrechten%2C%20Immunsystem%2C%20Fake%20News%20und%20anderen%20Themen%2C%20die%20Sie%20bewegen%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.riffreporter.de%5C%2Fcorona-virus%5C%2Fcorona-symptome-ansteckung-impfstoff-fragen-antworten%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-04-09T08%3A45%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22V3DTDWI7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rosenberg%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-04-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERosenberg%2C%20Hans%2C%20Shahbaz%20Syed%2C%20and%20Salim%20Rezaie.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Twitter%20Pandemic%3A%20The%20Critical%20Role%20of%20Twitter%20in%20the%20Dissemination%20of%20Medical%20Information%20and%20Misinformation%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ECJEM%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20April%206%2C%202020%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B4.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Fcem.2020.361%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1017%5C%2Fcem.2020.361%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Twitter%20pandemic%3A%20The%20critical%20role%20of%20Twitter%20in%20the%20dissemination%20of%20medical%20information%20and%20misinformation%20during%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shahbaz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Syed%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Salim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rezaie%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%2006%2C%202020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1017%5C%2Fcem.2020.361%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221481-8035%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T13%3A48%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22447I62JC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schaefer%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-12-14%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchaefer%2C%20Corinna.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fd-nb.info%5C%2F1223395731%27%3EGemeinsam%20gegen%20Falsch-%20und%20Fehlinformation%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20Edited%20by%20DNGK.%20%3Ci%3EQualitas%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20DNGK%20Forum%2C%2020%2C%20no.%2004%20%28December%2014%2C%202020%29%3A%2014.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Gemeinsam%20gegen%20Falsch-%20und%20Fehlinformation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Corinna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaefer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DNGK%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-12-14%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222224-0055%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fd-nb.info%5C%2F1223395731%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22KT6HG7JE%22%2C%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%223PK7N8H4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22CAKCYWPZ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-01-31T09%3A12%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PGN9CC9S%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schaefer%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchaefer%2C%20Corinna.%20%26%23x201C%3BIGeL%20%26%23x2013%3B%20eine%20fragw%26%23xFC%3Brdige%20Debatte.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EZeitschrift%20Fur%20Evidenz%2C%20Fortbildung%20Und%20Qualitat%20Im%20Gesundheitswesen%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20106%2C%20no.%207%20%282012%29%3A%20540%26%23x2013%3B41.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.zefq.2012.07.007%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.zefq.2012.07.007%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22IGeL%20%5Cu2013%20eine%20fragw%5Cu00fcrdige%20Debatte%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Corinna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaefer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22ger%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.zefq.2012.07.007%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222212-0289%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%223PK7N8H4%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22CAKCYWPZ%22%2C%224KVK6YUS%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-03-23T15%3A11%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PP49AD2G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schaefer%20and%20Bitzer%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-09-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchaefer%2C%20Corinna%2C%20and%20Eva-Maria%20Bitzer.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.public-health-covid19.de%5C%2Fimages%5C%2F2021%5C%2FErgebnisse%5C%2F20210902_Hintergrund_Fehlinformation_update.pdf%27%3EUmgang%20mit%20Fehl-%20und%20Desinformation%20in%20den%20Medien.%20Eine%20%5Cu00dcbersicht%20%5Cu00fcber%20aktuelle%20wissenschaftliche%20Erkenntnisse%20und%20Handlungsempfehlungen%20zum%20Umgang%20mit%20Fehl-%20und%20Desinformation%20bei%20COVID-19%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20Kompetenznetz%20Public%20Health%20COVID-19%2C%20September%202%2C%202021.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22document%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Umgang%20mit%20Fehl-%20und%20Desinformation%20in%20den%20Medien.%20Eine%20%5Cu00dcbersicht%20%5Cu00fcber%20aktuelle%20wissenschaftliche%20Erkenntnisse%20und%20Handlungsempfehlungen%20zum%20Umgang%20mit%20Fehl-%20und%20Desinformation%20bei%20COVID-19%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Corinna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaefer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bitzer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-09-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22DE%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.public-health-covid19.de%5C%2Fimages%5C%2F2021%5C%2FErgebnisse%5C%2F20210902_Hintergrund_Fehlinformation_update.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22L5M629ES%22%2C%223PK7N8H4%22%2C%22KD7BF7VV%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22CAKCYWPZ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-06T09%3A20%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224ZMXEFCW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schaefer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-12-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchaefer%2C%20Corinna%2C%20Eva%20Maria%20Bitzer%2C%20Orkan%20Okan%2C%20and%20G%5Cu00fcnter%20Ollenschl%5Cu00e4ger.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgesundheitskompetenz.online%5C%2Fumgang-mit-falschnachrichten%5C%2F%27%3EUmgang%20mit%20Falschnachrichten%20in%20Medien%20-%20Factsheet.%20DNGK%20und%20Kompetenznetz%20Public%20Health%20COVID-19%2C%20Factsheet%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20DNGK-Factsheet%2C%20December%205%2C%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Umgang%20mit%20Falschnachrichten%20in%20Medien%20-%20Factsheet.%20DNGK%20und%20Kompetenznetz%20Public%20Health%20COVID-19%2C%20Factsheet%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Corinna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaefer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva%20Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bitzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Orkan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Okan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00fcnter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ollenschl%5Cu00e4ger%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Factsheet%20%5Cu201cUmgang%20mit%20Falschnachrichten%20in%20Medien%5Cu201d%20%28Version%201.0%2C%2012.5.2020%29%20Eine%20%5Cu00dcbersicht%20%5Cu00fcber%20aktuelle%20wissenschaftliche%20Erkenntnisse%20und%20Handlungsempfehlungen%20zum%20Umgang%20mit%20Falschnachrichten%20bei%20COVID-19%20Das%20Factsheet%20%5Cu201cUmgang%20mit%20Falschnachrichten%20in%20Medien%5Cu201d%20wurde%20von%20Mitgliedern%20des%20DNGK%20im%20Rahmen%20des%20Kompetenznetzwerks%20Public%20Health%20COVID-19%20erarbeitet.%20Die%20aktuelle%20Version%20ist%20auf%20der%20Seite%20%5Cu201cArbeitsergebnisse%20des%20PHC%5Cu201d%20zug%5Cu00e4nglich.%20Die%20%5Cu2026%20%5Cu201eUmgang%20mit%20Falschnachrichten%20in%20Medien%5Cu201c%20weiterlesen%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-12-05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de-DE%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgesundheitskompetenz.online%5C%2Fumgang-mit-falschnachrichten%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22KT6HG7JE%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22L5M629ES%22%2C%223PK7N8H4%22%2C%22KD7BF7VV%22%2C%22KLZYJFE2%22%2C%225UTTPGH2%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22CAKCYWPZ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-11T11%3A03%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Z6HTIDRV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schaefer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-09-25%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchaefer%2C%20Corinna%2C%20Eva-Maria%20Bitzer%2C%20Bernd%20Kerschner%2C%20and%20Uschi%20Jonas.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdngk.de%5C%2Fwebseminar-falschnachrichten-september-2020%5C%2F%27%3EUmgang%20mit%20Falschnachrichten%20in%20den%20Medien.%20DNGK-Webseminar%20September%202020%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20September%2025%2C%202020.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Umgang%20mit%20Falschnachrichten%20in%20den%20Medien.%20DNGK-Webseminar%20September%202020%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Corinna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schaefer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bitzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bernd%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kerschner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Uschi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jonas%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22DNGK-WebSeminar%20Umgang%20mit%20Falschnachrichten%20in%20den%20Medien%2025.%20September%202020%20Der%20WHO-Generalsekret%5Cu00e4r%20hat%20im%20Kontext%20mit%20COVID-19%20den%20Begriff%20%5Cu201eInfodemic%5Cu201c%20gepr%5Cu00e4gt%20und%20meint%20damit%20die%20sch%5Cu00e4dlichen%20Effekte%20vielfach%20verbreiteter%20Falschnachrichten.%20Falschnachrichten%20sind%20falsche%2C%20manipulierte%20oder%20verzerrte%20Aussagen%20%5Cu2013%20z.B.%20zu%20COVID-19%2C%20die%20keine%20satirische%20oder%20parodistische%20Absicht%20verfolgen.%20Sie%20lassen%20sich%20erst%20sicher%20so%20bezeichnen%2C%20%5Cu2026%20%5Cu201eWebSeminar%20Falschnachrichten%20September%202020%5Cu201c%20weiterlesen%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-09-25%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdngk.de%5C%2Fwebseminar-falschnachrichten-september-2020%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de-DE%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22KT6HG7JE%22%2C%22WIWAANMC%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%223PK7N8H4%22%2C%22KD7BF7VV%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22CAKCYWPZ%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-11T08%3A04%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PKQVVH93%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schmid%20and%20Betsch%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-11-23%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchmid%2C%20Philipp%2C%20and%20Cornelia%20Betsch.%20%5C%22%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.iqwig.de%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fveranstaltungen%5C%2Fherbst-symposium%5C%2Fsymposium-2018.10178.html%27%3EFake%20News%20und%20Mythen%20im%20Gesundheitsbereich%20entkr%5Cu00e4ften%20-%20was%20funktioniert%3F%20Ein%20psychologischer%20Blick%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%5C%22%20Pr%5Cu00e4sentation%20presented%20at%20the%20IQWiG-Herbstsymposium%202018%2C%20K%5Cu00f6ln%202018%2C%20November%2023%2C%202018.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22presentation%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fake%20News%20und%20Mythen%20im%20Gesundheitsbereich%20entkr%5Cu00e4ften%20-%20was%20funktioniert%3F%20Ein%20psychologischer%20Blick%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philipp%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmid%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cornelia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Betsch%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2223.11.2018%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.iqwig.de%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fveranstaltungen%5C%2Fherbst-symposium%5C%2Fsymposium-2018.10178.html%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22DE%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22WIWAANMC%22%2C%22X5LKK8DQ%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-04-01T15%3A18%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VNRL373S%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schmid%20and%20Betsch%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchmid%2C%20Philipp%2C%20and%20Cornelia%20Betsch.%20%26%23x201C%3BEffective%20Strategies%20for%20Rebutting%20Science%20Denialism%20in%20Public%20Discussions.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Human%20Behaviour%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%203%2C%20no.%209%20%282019%29%3A%20931%26%23x2013%3B39.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41562-019-0632-4%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41562-019-0632-4%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effective%20strategies%20for%20rebutting%20science%20denialism%20in%20public%20discussions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philipp%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schmid%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cornelia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Betsch%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Science%20deniers%20question%20scientific%20milestones%20and%20spread%20misinformation%2C%20contradicting%20decades%20of%20scientific%20endeavour.%20Advocates%20for%20science%20need%20effective%20rebuttal%20strategies%20and%20are%20concerned%20about%20backfire%20effects%20in%20public%20debates.%20We%20conducted%20six%20experiments%20to%20assess%20how%20to%20mitigate%20the%20influence%20of%20a%20denier%20on%20the%20audience.%20An%20internal%20meta-analysis%20across%20all%20the%20experiments%20revealed%20that%20not%20responding%20to%20science%20deniers%20has%20a%20negative%20effect%20on%20attitudes%20towards%20behaviours%20favoured%20by%20science%20%28for%20example%2C%20vaccination%29%20and%20intentions%20to%20perform%20these%20behaviours.%20Providing%20the%20facts%20about%20the%20topic%20or%20uncovering%20the%20rhetorical%20techniques%20typical%20for%20denialism%20had%20positive%20effects.%20We%20found%20no%20evidence%20that%20complex%20combinations%20of%20topic%20and%20technique%20rebuttals%20are%20more%20effective%20than%20single%20strategies%2C%20nor%20that%20rebutting%20science%20denialism%20in%20public%20discussions%20backfires%2C%20not%20even%20in%20vulnerable%20groups%20%28for%20example%2C%20US%20conservatives%29.%20As%20science%20deniers%20use%20the%20same%20rhetoric%20across%20domains%2C%20uncovering%20their%20rhetorical%20techniques%20is%20an%20effective%20and%20economic%20addition%20to%20the%20advocates%27%20toolbox.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41562-019-0632-4%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222397-3374%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-05-14T13%3A37%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22S2ZDXDMT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Strech%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EStrech%2C%20Daniel.%20%26%23x201C%3BArztbewertungsportale%20aus%20ethischer%20Perspektive.%20Eine%20orientierende%20Analyse.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EZeitschrift%20Fur%20Evidenz%2C%20Fortbildung%20Und%20Qualitat%20Im%20Gesundheitswesen%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20104%2C%20no.%208%26%23x2013%3B9%20%282010%29%3A%20674%26%23x2013%3B81.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.zefq.2010.09.019%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.zefq.2010.09.019%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Arztbewertungsportale%20aus%20ethischer%20Perspektive.%20Eine%20orientierende%20Analyse%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Strech%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Hardly%20any%20academic%20research%20has%20been%20conducted%20on%20physician%20rating%20sites%20%28PRS%29%20with%20regard%20to%20their%20medical%20and%20ethical%20implications.%20In%20the%20public%20media%2C%20however%2C%20representatives%20of%20health%20care%20providers%20and%20payers%20have%20been%20involved%20in%20a%20controversial%20debate%20on%20the%2C%20at%20least%2C%20possible%20implications%20and%20practical%20consequences%20resulting%20from%20PRS.%5CnOBJECTIVES%20AND%20METHODS%3A%20The%20present%20article%20provides%20a%20conclusive%20explanation%20of%20why%20PRS%20can%20take%20on%20a%20significant%20role%20in%20future%20health%20care.%20Furthermore%2C%20using%20a%20framework%20of%20ethical%20principles%2C%20ethical%20and%20medical%20implications%20that%20can%20be%20related%20to%20PRS%20are%20systematically%20presented.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Considering%20the%20so%20far%20rapid%20spread%20of%20Web%202.0%20services%2C%20it%20seems%20plausible%20to%20assume%20that%20PRS%20will%20become%20a%20highly%20used%20source%20of%20information%20on%20selecting%20a%20physician.%20There%20are%20good%20reasons%20to%20believe%20that%20PRS%20may%20have%20a%20positive%20impact%20on%20health%20outcomes%20of%20physician-seekers%20as%20well%20as%20on%20the%20promotion%20of%20health%20literacy%20and%20equality%20of%20opportunity.%20However%2C%20considering%20the%20lack%20of%20evidence%20for%20these%20assumptions%2C%20the%20possibility%20of%20an%20opposite%20development%20should%20not%20be%20ruled%20out.%20The%20potential%20of%20damage%20for%20physician-seekers%2C%20for%20example%2C%20through%20misinformation%2C%20and%20for%20evaluated%20doctors%2C%20for%20example%2C%20caused%20by%20defamation%2C%20requires%20adequate%20prevention.%20On%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20preventive%20measures%20should%20not%20restrict%20the%20attempts%20at%20optimising%20transparency%20of%20medical%20practice%20too%20strongly.%5CnDISCUSSION%3A%20Further%20specification%20of%20the%20ethical%20principles%20outlined%20in%20the%20present%20article%20will%20significantly%20influence%20the%20upcoming%20decisions%20on%20the%20development%20and%20regulation%20%28certification%29%20of%20PRS.%20This%20raises%20complex%20normative%20considerations%2C%20the%20legitimacy%20of%20which%20can%20be%20enhanced%20by%2C%20among%20other%20things%2C%20adequate%20transparency%2C%20justification%2C%20participation%20and%20conflict%20of%20interest%20policies.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22ger%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.zefq.2010.09.019%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221865-9217%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22IE7JTZ2W%22%2C%2246NNKHWR%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%2C%22QXIGN3AI%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-01-26T11%3A35%3A41Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZNLI3RM3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tandoc%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-02-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETandoc%2C%20Edson%20C%2C%20Zheng%20Wei%20Lim%2C%20and%20Richard%20Ling.%20%5C%22Defining%20%27Fake%20News%27%3A%20A%20Typology%20of%20Scholarly%20Definitions.%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EDigital%20Journalism%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%206%2C%20no.%202%20%28February%207%2C%202018%29%3A%20137%5Cu201353.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F21670811.2017.1360143%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F21670811.2017.1360143%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Defining%20%5C%22Fake%20News%5C%22%3A%20A%20typology%20of%20scholarly%20definitions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Edson%20C%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tandoc%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zheng%20Wei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ling%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20paper%20is%20based%20on%20a%20review%20of%20how%20previous%20studies%20have%20defined%20and%20operationalized%20the%20term%20%5Cu201cfake%20news.%5Cu201d%20An%20examination%20of%2034%20academic%20articles%20that%20used%20the%20term%20%5Cu201cfake%20news%5Cu201d%20between%202003%20and%202017%20resulted%20in%20a%20typology%20of%20types%20of%20fake%20news%3A%20news%20satire%2C%20news%20parody%2C%20fabrication%2C%20manipulation%2C%20advertising%2C%20and%20propaganda.%20These%20definitions%20are%20based%20on%20two%20dimensions%3A%20levels%20of%20facticity%20and%20deception.%20Such%20a%20typology%20is%20offered%20to%20clarify%20what%20we%20mean%20by%20fake%20news%20and%20to%20guide%20future%20studies.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22February%207%2C%202018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F21670811.2017.1360143%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222167-0811%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.researchgate.net%5C%2Fpublication%5C%2F319383049_Defining_Fake_News_A_typology_of_scholarly_definitions%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%222G8YLGV7%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-31T17%3A37%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KTZALR2U%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6298796%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tangcharoensathien%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETangcharoensathien%2C%20Viroj%2C%20Neville%20Calleja%2C%20Tim%20Nguyen%2C%20Tina%20Purnat%2C%20Marcelo%20D%26%23x2019%3BAgostino%2C%20Sebastian%20Garcia-Saiso%2C%20Mark%20Landry%2C%20et%20al.%20%26%23x201C%3BFramework%20for%20Managing%20the%20COVID-19%20Infodemic%3A%20Methods%20and%20Results%20of%20an%20Online%2C%20Crowdsourced%20WHO%20Technical%20Consultation.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Medical%20Internet%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2022%2C%20no.%206%20%2826%202020%29%3A%20e19659.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2196%5C%2F19659%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.2196%5C%2F19659%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Framework%20for%20Managing%20the%20COVID-19%20Infodemic%3A%20Methods%20and%20Results%20of%20an%20Online%2C%20Crowdsourced%20WHO%20Technical%20Consultation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Viroj%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tangcharoensathien%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neville%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calleja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nguyen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Purnat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marcelo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%27Agostino%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sebastian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garcia-Saiso%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Arash%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rashidian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Clayton%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamilton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdelhalim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22AbdAllah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ioana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ghiga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hougendobler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Judith%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Andel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nunn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brooks%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pier%20Luigi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sacco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Manlio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22De%20Domenico%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anatoliy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gruzd%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandre%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alaphilippe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sylvie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Briand%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20An%20infodemic%20is%20an%20overabundance%20of%20information-some%20accurate%20and%20some%20not-that%20occurs%20during%20an%20epidemic.%20In%20a%20similar%20manner%20to%20an%20epidemic%2C%20it%20spreads%20between%20humans%20via%20digital%20and%20physical%20information%20systems.%20It%20makes%20it%20hard%20for%20people%20to%20find%20trustworthy%20sources%20and%20reliable%20guidance%20when%20they%20need%20it.%5CnOBJECTIVE%3A%20A%20World%20Health%20Organization%20%28WHO%29%20technical%20consultation%20on%20responding%20to%20the%20infodemic%20related%20to%20the%20coronavirus%20disease%20%28COVID-19%29%20pandemic%20was%20held%2C%20entirely%20online%2C%20to%20crowdsource%20suggested%20actions%20for%20a%20framework%20for%20infodemic%20management.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20A%20group%20of%20policy%20makers%2C%20public%20health%20professionals%2C%20researchers%2C%20students%2C%20and%20other%20concerned%20stakeholders%20was%20joined%20by%20representatives%20of%20the%20media%2C%20social%20media%20platforms%2C%20various%20private%20sector%20organizations%2C%20and%20civil%20society%20to%20suggest%20and%20discuss%20actions%20for%20all%20parts%20of%20society%2C%20and%20multiple%20related%20professional%20and%20scientific%20disciplines%2C%20methods%2C%20and%20technologies.%20A%20total%20of%20594%20ideas%20for%20actions%20were%20crowdsourced%20online%20during%20the%20discussions%20and%20consolidated%20into%20suggestions%20for%20an%20infodemic%20management%20framework.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20The%20analysis%20team%20distilled%20the%20suggestions%20into%20a%20set%20of%2050%20proposed%20actions%20for%20a%20framework%20for%20managing%20infodemics%20in%20health%20emergencies.%20The%20consultation%20revealed%20six%20policy%20implications%20to%20consider.%20First%2C%20interventions%20and%20messages%20must%20be%20based%20on%20science%20and%20evidence%2C%20and%20must%20reach%20citizens%20and%20enable%20them%20to%20make%20informed%20decisions%20on%20how%20to%20protect%20themselves%20and%20their%20communities%20in%20a%20health%20emergency.%20Second%2C%20knowledge%20should%20be%20translated%20into%20actionable%20behavior-change%20messages%2C%20presented%20in%20ways%20that%20are%20understood%20by%20and%20accessible%20to%20all%20individuals%20in%20all%20parts%20of%20all%20societies.%20Third%2C%20governments%20should%20reach%20out%20to%20key%20communities%20to%20ensure%20their%20concerns%20and%20information%20needs%20are%20understood%2C%20tailoring%20advice%20and%20messages%20to%20address%20the%20audiences%20they%20represent.%20Fourth%2C%20to%20strengthen%20the%20analysis%20and%20amplification%20of%20information%20impact%2C%20strategic%20partnerships%20should%20be%20formed%20across%20all%20sectors%2C%20including%20but%20not%20limited%20to%20the%20social%20media%20and%20technology%20sectors%2C%20academia%2C%20and%20civil%20society.%20Fifth%2C%20health%20authorities%20should%20ensure%20that%20these%20actions%20are%20informed%20by%20reliable%20information%20that%20helps%20them%20understand%20the%20circulating%20narratives%20and%20changes%20in%20the%20flow%20of%20information%2C%20questions%2C%20and%20misinformation%20in%20communities.%20Sixth%2C%20following%20experiences%20to%20date%20in%20responding%20to%20the%20COVID-19%20infodemic%20and%20the%20lessons%20from%20other%20disease%20outbreaks%2C%20infodemic%20management%20approaches%20should%20be%20further%20developed%20to%20support%20preparedness%20and%20response%2C%20and%20to%20inform%20risk%20mitigation%2C%20and%20be%20enhanced%20through%20data%20science%20and%20sociobehavioral%20and%20other%20research.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20The%20first%20version%20of%20this%20framework%20proposes%20five%20action%20areas%20in%20which%20WHO%20Member%20States%20and%20actors%20within%20society%20can%20apply%2C%20according%20to%20their%20mandate%2C%20an%20infodemic%20management%20approach%20adapted%20to%20national%20contexts%20and%20practices.%20Responses%20to%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20and%20the%20related%20infodemic%20require%20swift%2C%20regular%2C%20systematic%2C%20and%20coordinated%20action%20from%20multiple%20sectors%20of%20society%20and%20government.%20It%20remains%20crucial%20that%20we%20promote%20trusted%20information%20and%20fight%20misinformation%2C%20thereby%20helping%20save%20lives.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%2026%2C%202020%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.2196%5C%2F19659%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221438-8871%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZAW5JYVL%22%2C%22LSGM8V2E%22%2C%222G8YLGV7%22%2C%226DTIS6M4%22%2C%22X7PUUBWP%22%2C%225GSCIHTA%22%2C%228P3IXR2K%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-07-26T10%3A46%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Atehortua, Nelson A, and Stella Patino. "
COVID-19, a tale of two pandemics: novel coronavirus and fake news messaging."
Health Promotion International, no. daaa140 (January 15, 2020).
Bastani, Peivand, and Mohammad Amin Bahrami. "
COVID-19 Related Misinformation on Social Media: A Qualitative Study from Iran."
JMIR Preprints, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2196/18932.
Betsch, C. “Die Rolle des Internets bei der Elimination von Infektionskrankheiten. Zum Management von Wahrnehmungen und Fehlwahrnehmungen.”
Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 56, no. 9 (September 2013): 1279–86.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1793-3.
Bode, Leticia, and Emily K. Vraga. "
See Something, Say Something: Correction of Global Health Misinformation on Social Media."
Health Communication 33, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 1131–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1331312.
Brand, Fabian, Leonie Dendler, Suzan Fiack, Annett Schulze, and Gaby-Fleur Böl. “Risikokommunikation politikberatender Wissenschaftsorganisationen: Ein Themenaufriss am Beispiel des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung.”
Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 65, no. 5 (May 2022): 599–607.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-022-03520-3.
Brennen, Scott, Felix Simon, Philip N. Howard, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. "
Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation." Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, July 4, 2020.
Cuan-Baltazar, Jose Yunam, Maria José Muñoz-Perez, Carolina Robledo-Vega, Maria Fernanda Pérez-Zepeda, and Elena Soto-Vega. “Misinformation of COVID-19 on the Internet: Infodemiology Study.”
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 2 (09 2020): e18444.
https://doi.org/10.2196/18444.
De Gani, Saskia Maria, Fabian Marc Pascal Berger, Elena Guggiari, and Rebecca Jaks. "
Relation of corona-specific health literacy to use of and trust in information sources during the COVID-19 pandemic."
BMC Public Health 22 (January 6, 2022): 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12271-w.
Donovan, Joan. “Social-Media Companies Must Flatten the Curve of Misinformation.”
Nature, April 14, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01107-z.
Freeman, Jaimie L., Patrina H. Y. Caldwell, and Karen M. Scott. "
How Adolescents Trust Health Information on Social Media: A Systematic Review."
Academic Pediatrics, December 26, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2022.12.011.
Gallotti, Riccardo, Francesco Valle, Nicola Castaldo, Pierluigi Sacco, and Manlio De Domenico. "
Assessing the risks of 'infodemics' in response to COVID-19 epidemics."
Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 12 (December 2020): 1285–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00994-6.
Glenn, Adriana D., and William J. Glenn. "
Educational Leaders' Need for Health Literacy during the COVID-19 Pandemic."
Journal of School Administration Research and Development 5 (0 2020): 80–85.
Humprecht, Edda, Frank Esser, and Peter Van Aelst. "
Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research."
The International Journal of Press/Politics, January 24, 2020, 1940161219900126.
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, and Dolores Albarracín. "
The Relation between Media Consumption and Misinformation at the Outset of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in the US."
Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, no. COVID-19 and Misinformation (April 20, 2020). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-012.
Kickbusch, Ilona, Jürgen M. Pelikan, Franklin Apfel, Agis D. Tsouros, and World Health Organization, eds.
Health literacy: the solid facts. The Solid Facts. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2013.
Kor, Patrick Pui Kin, Angela Yee Man Leung, Laurence Lloyd Parial, Eliza Mi Ling Wong, Kevin Dadaczynski, Orkan Okan, Padmore Adusei Amoah, et al. “Are People With Chronic Diseases Satisfied With the Online Health Information Related to COVID-19 During the Pandemic?”
Journal of Nursing Scholarship: An Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing 53, no. 1 (January 2021): 75–86.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12616.
Kouzy, Ramez, Joseph Abi Jaoude, Afif Kraitem, Molly B. El Alam, Basil Karam, Elio Adib, Jabra Zarka, Cindy Traboulsi, Elie W. Akl, and Khalil Baddour. “Coronavirus Goes Viral: Quantifying the COVID-19 Misinformation Epidemic on Twitter.”
Cureus 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): e7255.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7255.
Kuhrt, Nicola, and Hinnerk Feldwisch-Drentrup. "
Schlechte und gefährliche Gesundheitsinformationen. Wie sie erkannt und Patienten besser geschützt werden können." Schriftenreihe der Bertelsmann Stiftung. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh, 2019.
Larson, Heidi J. "
Blocking information on COVID-19 can fuel the spread of misinformation."
Nature 580, no. 7803 (March 30, 2020): 306–306. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00920-w.
Lau, Sam S. S., Eric N. Y. Shum, Jackie O. T. Man, Ethan T. H. Cheung, Padmore Adusei Amoah, Angela Y. M. Leung, Kevin Dadaczynski, and Orkan Okan. “Assessing COVID-19-Related Health Literacy and Associated Factors among School Teachers in Hong Kong, China.”
Frontiers in Public Health 10 (2022): 1057782.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1057782.
Liu, David Tianxiang, Gerold Besser, Matthias Leonhard, Tina Josefin Bartosik, Thomas Parzefall, Faris F. Brkic, Christian Albert Mueller, and Dominik Riss. “Seasonal Variations in Public Inquiries into Laryngitis: An Infodemiology Study.”
Journal of Voice: Official Journal of the Voice Foundation 36, no. 1 (January 2022): 98–105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.04.018.
Merchant, Raina M., and Nicole Lurie. "
Social Media and Emergency Preparedness in Response to Novel Coronavirus."
JAMA 323, no. 20 (May 26, 2020): 2011–12. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4469.
Mian, Areeb, and Shujhat Khan. “Coronavirus: The Spread of Misinformation.”
BMC Medicine 18, no. 1 (18 2020): 89.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01556-3.
Neuberger, Christoph. "
Fake News, Filter Bubbles, Influencer: Bedingungen für die Evidenzsicherung im Internet." Präsentation presented at the IQWiG-Herbstsymposium 2018, Köln 2018, November 23, 2018.
Okan, Orkan, Torsten Michael Bollweg, Eva-Maria Berens, Klaus Hurrelmann, Ullrich Bauer, and Doris Schaeffer. "
Coronavirus-Related Health Literacy: A Cross-Sectional Study in Adults during the COVID-19 Infodemic in Germany."
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (January 2020): 5503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155503.
Ott, Kai-Uwe, Christian Keinki, Lukas Kaesmann, and Jutta Huebner. “Education of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Adult Education Centers in Germany: A Web-Based Survey.”
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), August 10, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-022-00951-0.
Petrič, Gregor, Sara Atanasova, and Tanja Kamin. “Ill Literates or Illiterates? Investigating the EHealth Literacy of Users of Online Health Communities.”
Journal of Medical Internet Research 19, no. 10 (04 2017): e331.
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7372.
Quansah, Frank, Francis Ankomah, Edmond K. Agormedah, Richard S. K. Abieraba, Medina Srem-Sai, John E. Hagan, Orkan Okan, Kevin Dadaczynski, and Thomas Schack. “COVID-Digital Health Literacy and Subjective Well-Being of Students in Ghana: Mediation-Moderation Analyses.”
Health Science Reports 5, no. 6 (November 2022): e916.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.916.
Rosenberg, Hans, Shahbaz Syed, and Salim Rezaie. “The Twitter Pandemic: The Critical Role of Twitter in the Dissemination of Medical Information and Misinformation during the COVID-19 Pandemic.”
CJEM, April 6, 2020, 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.361.
Schaefer, Corinna. "
Gemeinsam gegen Falsch- und Fehlinformation." Edited by DNGK.
Qualitas, DNGK Forum, 20, no. 04 (December 14, 2020): 14.
Schaefer, Corinna. “IGeL – eine fragwürdige Debatte.”
Zeitschrift Fur Evidenz, Fortbildung Und Qualitat Im Gesundheitswesen 106, no. 7 (2012): 540–41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zefq.2012.07.007.
Schaefer, Corinna, Eva Maria Bitzer, Orkan Okan, and Günter Ollenschläger. "
Umgang mit Falschnachrichten in Medien - Factsheet. DNGK und Kompetenznetz Public Health COVID-19, Factsheet." DNGK-Factsheet, December 5, 2020.
Schaefer, Corinna, Eva-Maria Bitzer, Bernd Kerschner, and Uschi Jonas. "
Umgang mit Falschnachrichten in den Medien. DNGK-Webseminar September 2020," September 25, 2020.
Schmid, Philipp, and Cornelia Betsch. "
Fake News und Mythen im Gesundheitsbereich entkräften - was funktioniert? Ein psychologischer Blick." Präsentation presented at the IQWiG-Herbstsymposium 2018, Köln 2018, November 23, 2018.
Schmid, Philipp, and Cornelia Betsch. “Effective Strategies for Rebutting Science Denialism in Public Discussions.”
Nature Human Behaviour 3, no. 9 (2019): 931–39.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0632-4.
Strech, Daniel. “Arztbewertungsportale aus ethischer Perspektive. Eine orientierende Analyse.”
Zeitschrift Fur Evidenz, Fortbildung Und Qualitat Im Gesundheitswesen 104, no. 8–9 (2010): 674–81.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zefq.2010.09.019.
Tandoc, Edson C, Zheng Wei Lim, and Richard Ling. "Defining 'Fake News': A Typology of Scholarly Definitions."
Digital Journalism 6, no. 2 (February 7, 2018): 137–53.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143.
Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, Neville Calleja, Tim Nguyen, Tina Purnat, Marcelo D’Agostino, Sebastian Garcia-Saiso, Mark Landry, et al. “Framework for Managing the COVID-19 Infodemic: Methods and Results of an Online, Crowdsourced WHO Technical Consultation.”
Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (26 2020): e19659.
https://doi.org/10.2196/19659.
Zurück zur Übersicht E-Bibliothek